Table 1 Demographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics of pregnant mothers
From: Differential effect of pre-pregnancy low BMI on fetal macrosomia: a population-based cohort study
Characteristics | N | Macrosomia (%) | Grade 1 macrosomia (%) | Grade 2 macrosomia (%) | Grade 3 macrosomia (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 105,768 | 12,335 (11.66) | 10,925 (10.33) | 1121 (1.06) | 289 (0.27) |
Fetal sex | |||||
 Male | 54,382 | 7730 (14.21) | 6811 (12.52) | 740 (1.36) | 179 (0.33) |
 Female | 51,386 | 4605 (8.96) | 4114 (8.01) | 381 (0.74) | 110 (0.21) |
Residence | |||||
 Urban | 78,232 | 8793 (11.24) | 7785 (9.95) | 807 (1.03) | 201 (0.26) |
 Rural | 27,504 | 3541 (12.87) | 3139 (11.41) | 314 (1.14) | 88 (0.32) |
Maternal age group, years | |||||
 20–24 | 11,332 | 1223 (10.79) | 1108 (9.78) | 79 (0.70) | 36 (0.32) |
 25–29 | 36,578 | 3993 (10.92) | 3588 (9.81) | 323 (0.88) | 82 (0.22) |
 30–34 | 38,649 | 4627 (11.97) | 4068 (10.53) | 451 (1.17) | 108 (0.28) |
 ≥35 | 19,209 | 2492 (12.97) | 2161 (11.25) | 268 (1.40) | 63 (0.33) |
Educational level | |||||
 Secondary school or below | 20,610 | 2760 (13.39) | 2435 (11.81) | 248 (1.20) | 77 (0.37) |
 High school | 22,603 | 2996 (13.25) | 2625 (11.61) | 296 (1.31) | 75 (0.33) |
 College/university | 56,547 | 6094 (10.78) | 5433 (9.61) | 537 (0.95) | 124 (0.22) |
 Postgraduate | 5997 | 484 (8.07) | 431 (7.19) | 40 (0.67) | 13 (0.22) |
Occupational physical activity | |||||
 Light | 65,350 | 7192 (11.01) | 6399 (9.79) | 638 (0.98) | 155 (0.24) |
 Moderate | 28,968 | 3672 (12.68) | 3220 (11.12) | 359 (1.24) | 93 (0.32) |
 Active | 11,450 | 1471 (12.85) | 1306 (11.41) | 124 (1.08) | 41 (0.36) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI group, kg/m2 | |||||
 <18.5 | 10,352 | 527 (5.09) | 493 (4.76) | 17 (0.16) | 17 (0.16) |
 18.5–24.9 | 72,669 | 7622 (10.49) | 6864 (9.45) | 602 (0.83) | 156 (0.21) |
 25.0–29.9 | 18,622 | 3358 (18.03) | 2870 (15.41) | 402 (2.16) | 86 (0.46) |
 ≥30.0 | 4125 | 828 (20.07) | 698 (16.92) | 100 (2.42) | 30 (0.73) |
Parity | |||||
 Nulliparous | 51,261 | 5404 (10.54) | 4835 (9.43) | 461 (0.90) | 108 (0.21) |
 Multiparous | 54,507 | 6391 (12.72) | 6090 (11.17) | 660 (1.21) | 181 (0.33) |
Current GDM | |||||
 Yes | 16,829 | 2377 (14.12) | 2037 (12.10) | 269 (1.60) | 71 (0.42) |
 No | 88,939 | 9958 (11.20) | 8888 (9.99) | 852 (0.96) | 218 (0.25) |
Previous GDM | |||||
 Yes | 4179 | 695 (16.63) | 571 (13.66) | 94 (2.25) | 30 (0.72) |
 No | 52,435 | 6492 (12.38) | 5747 (10.96) | 587 (1.12) | 158 (0.30) |
Maternal drinking before or during pregnancy | |||||
 Yes | 2134 | 252 (11.81) | 214 (10.03) | 32 (1.50) | 6 (0.28) |
 No | 103,634 | 12,083 (11.66) | 10,711 (10.34) | 1089 (1.05) | 283 (0.27) |
Paternal drinking before pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Yes | 34,349 | 4225 (12.30) | 3736 (10.88) | 397 (1.16) | 92 (0.27) |
 No | 70,423 | 7987 (11.34) | 7083 (10.06) | 715 (1.02) | 189 (0.27) |
Paternal smoking before pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Yes | 40,693 | 5045 (12.40) | 4424 (10.87) | 494 (1.21) | 127 (0.31) |
 No | 65,075 | 7290 (11.20) | 6501 (9.99) | 627 (0.96) | 162 (0.25) |
Maternal co-morbidities | |||||
Anemia | |||||
 Yes | 1934 | 163 (8.43) | 137 (7.08) | 20 (1.03) | 6 (0.31) |
 No | 103,834 | 12,172 (11.72) | 10,788 (10.39) | 1101 (1.06) | 283 (0.27) |
Thyroid disease | |||||
 Yes | 4054 | 433 (10.68) | 389 (9.60) | 32 (0.79) | 12 (0.30) |
 No | 101,714 | 11,902 (11.70) | 10,536 (10.36) | 1089 (1.07) | 277 (0.27) |
Preterm birth | |||||
 Yes | 4135 | 42 (1.02) | 26 (0.63) | 10 (0.24) | 6 (0.15) |
 No | 101,408 | 12,272 (12.10) | 10,882 (10.73) | 1108 (1.09) | 282 (0.28) |