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Table 1 Patient characteristics at AF diagnosis

From: Under-recognition of heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation and the impact of gender: a UK population-based cohort study

Characteristic

Total population with incident AF, n = 124,256

Heart failure at AF diagnosis

No, n = 102,255 (82.3%)

Yes, n = 22,001 (17.7%)

Treated with loop diuretic?

No

Yesa

No

Yesa

Number of individuals (% total)

 

79,930 (64.3)

22,325 (18.0)

6,082 (4.9)

15,919 (12.8)

Age (y)

76 (68, 83)

74 (65, 81)

80 (73, 86)

76 (67, 83)

79 (71, 85)

Women, n (%)

58,222 (46.9)

35,111 (43.9)

13,250 (59.4)

2407 (39.6)

7454 (46.8)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133 (120, 145)

135 (122, 145)

133 (120, 144)

130 (120, 142)

130 (116, 140)

 Missing data, n (%)

1,459 (1.2)

1,175 (1.5)

146 (0.7)

74 (1.2)

64 (0.4)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

79 (70, 84)

80 (70, 85)

78 (70, 82)

78 (70, 84)

75 (67, 80)

 Missing data, n (%)

1459 (1.2)

1175 (1.5)

146 (0.7)

74 (1.2)

64 (0.4)

BMI (kg/m2)

28.1 ± 6.2

27.8 ± 5.9

29.1 ± 6.9

27.7 ± 5.9

28.6 ± 6.6

BMI categoryb, n (%)

 Underweight

2647 (2.1)

1643 (2.1)

527 (2.7)

133 (2.2)

344 (2.2)

 Normal

26,909 (21.7)

17,598 (22.0)

4306 (19.3)

1433 (23.6)

3572 (22.4)

 Overweight

33,401 (26.9)

22,155 (27.7)

5441 (24.4)

1659 (27.2)

4146 (26.0)

 Obese

30,765 (24.8)

17,871 (22.4)

6952 (31.1)

1386 (22.8)

4556 (28.6)

 Missing data

30,534 (24.6)

20,663 (25.9)

5126 (23.0)

1471 (24.1)

3301 (20.7)

Smoking, n (%)

 Current smoker

35,106 (28.3)

22,008 (27.5)

6192 (27.7)

1864 (30.7)

5042 (31.7)

 Ex-smoker

36,115 (29.1)

22,487 (28.1)

6888 (30.9)

1736 (28.5)

5004 (31.4)

 Total

71,221 (57.3)

44,495 (55.7)

13,080 (58.6)

3,600 (59.2)

10,046 (63.1)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Cardiovascular

  Hypertension

81,137 (65.3)

48,601 (60.8)

16,924 (75.8)

3933 (64.7)

11,679 (73.4)

  Ischaemic heart disease

37,286 (30.0)

17,765 (22.2)

8316 (37.3)

2661 (43.8)

8544 (53.7)

  Prior myocardial infarction

15,208 (12.2)

6236 (7.8)

3206 (14.4)

1379 (22.7)

4387 (27.6)

  Stroke/TIA

17,744 (14.3)

11,035 (13.8)

3520 (15.8)

859 (14.1)

2330 (14.6)

  Valvular heart disease

14,412 (11.6)

5958 (7.5)

3264 (14.6)

1328 (21.8)

3862 (24.3)

  PPM/ICD

3008 (2.4)

1397 (1.8)

525 (2.4)

234 (3.9)

852 (5.4)

  Peripheral artery disease

10,367 (8.3)

5387 (6.7)

2218 (9.9)

652 (10.7)

2110 (13.3)

  Dyslipidaemia

32,477 (26.1)

19,242 (24.1)

6272 (28.1)

1798 (29.6)

5165 (32.5)

 Respiratory

  Asthma

20,198 (16.3)

11,386 (14.2)

4544 (20.4)

990 (16.3)

3278 (20.6)

  COPD

14,943 (12.0)

7072 (8.9)

3796 (17.0)

801 (13.2)

3274 (20.6)

  Interstitial lung disease

2776 (2.2)

1399 (1.8)

639 (2.9)

177 (2.9)

561 (3.5)

  Obstructive sleep apnoea

1464 (1.2)

804 (1.0)

327 (1.5)

57 (0.9)

276 (1.7)

 Renal

  End-stage kidney disease

2286 (1.8)

1456 (1.8)

-

160 (2.6)

670 (4.2)

  Nephrotic syndrome

259 (0.2)

193 (0.2)

-

6 (0.1)

60 (0.4)

 Other

  Diabetes

20,684 (16.7)

10,839 (13.6)

4943 (22.1)

945 (15.5)

3957 (24.9)

  Chronic liver disease

1325 (1.1)

994 (1.2)

-

89 (1.5)

242 (1.5)

  Malignancy (any)

21,076 (17.0)

13,149 (16.5)

4174 (18.7)

1021 (16.8)

2732 (17.2)

  Malignancy (top 4 causes)c

5438 (4.4)

3470 (4.3)

1012 (4.5)

294 (4.8)

662 (4.2)

  Depression

18,565 (14.9)

11,413 (14.3)

3691 (16.5)

879 (14.5)

2582 (16.2)

CHA2DS2-VASc score

3.3 ± 1.7

2.8 ± 1.6

3.7 ± 1.4

4.1 ± 1.7

4.6 ± 1.5

Medication, n (%)

 ACEI

64,855 (52.2)

33,333 (41.7)

14,414 (64.6)

3982 (65.5)

13,126 (82.4)

 ARB

7435 (6.0)

4394 (5.5)

1668 (7.5)

339 (5.6)

1034 (6.5)

 ACEI or ARB

72,290 (58.2)

37,727 (47.2)

16,082 (72.0)

4321 (71.1)

14,160 (89.0)

 ARNI

< 5 (0.0)

-

-

-

< 5 (0.0)

 MRA

9277 (7.5)

1273 (1.6)

2241 (10.0)

633 (10.4)

5130 (32.2)

 Antiarrhythmic drugd

11,195 (9.0)

5898 (7.4)

2174 (9.7)

758 (12.5)

2365 (14.9)

 Beta-blocker

81,591 (65.7)

50,136 (62.7)

15,290 (68.5)

4293 (70.6)

11,872 (74.6)

 Digoxin

30,309 (24.4)

13,619 (17.0)

7758 (34.8)

1802 (29.6)

7130 (44.8)

 Dihydropyridine CCB

50,994 (41.0)

29,683 (37.1)

11,496 (51.5)

2889 (41.2)

6926 (46.2)

 Non-dihydropyridine CCB

16,588 (13.4)

8733 (10.9)

4151 (18.6)

752 (12.4)

2952 (18.5)

 Anticoagulant therapy

58,348 (47.0)

34,750 (43.5)

11,523 (51.6)

3055 (50.2)

9020 (56.7)

 Antiplatelet therapy

86,018 (69.2)

52,364 (65.5)

17,048 (76.4)

4163 (68.5)

12,443 (78.2)

 Loop diuretic (non-cardiac indication)

1125 (0.9)

1125 (1.4)

-

-

-

 Statin

65,336 (52.6)

38,803 (48.9)

13,103 (58.7)

3336 (54.9)

10,094 (63.4)

  1. Data presented as mean (SD), median (LQ, UQ), or frequency (%) as appropriate
  2. BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, PPM permanent pacemaker, TIA transient ischaemic attack
  3. aRefers to loop-diuretic therapy for a presumed cardiac indication. Patients on loop-diuretic therapy with end-stage renal failure, chronic liver disease, or nephrotic syndrome (without a diagnosis of heart failure) were considered to have a non-cardiac indication and therefore included in the ‘no loop-diuretic therapy’ category for this analysis. Patients with heart failure and loop-diuretic use were assumed to have a cardiac indication
  4. bBMI was categorised as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2)
  5. cAggregated number of cases of the four most common causes of cancer (lung, breast, bowel, and prostate) as reported by Cancer Research UK in 2015 (Cancer Research UK, Cancer incidence statistics, https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence; accessed Sep. 26, 2019).
  6. dExcluding non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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