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Table 2 Risk of adverse outcomes after AF diagnosis, by baseline heart failure status

From: Under-recognition of heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation and the impact of gender: a UK population-based cohort study

Outcome (n = 124,256)

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

All-cause mortality

 No HF or LD use

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Isolated LD use

2.10 (2.04–2.15)***

1.45 (1.41–1.51)***

1.42 (1.37–1.47)***

 Diagnosed HF

1.54 (1.47–1.63)***

1.36 (1.28–1.45)***

1.33 (1.26–1.42)***

 Diagnosed HF + LD use

2.79 (2.71–2.87)***

1.94 (1.87–2.00)***

1.78 (1.71–1.85)***

Unplanned HF hospitalisationΔ

 No HF or LD use

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Isolated LD use

1.90 (1.73–2.09)***

1.63 (1.45–1.83)***

1.60 (1.42–1.80)***

 Diagnosed HF

3.39 (2.97–3.86)***

3.04 (2.62–3.53)***

3.01 (2.58–3.50)***

 Diagnosed HF + LD use

3.96 (3.63–4.32)***

3.18 (2.85–3.54)***

3.00 (2.65–3.40)***

Ischaemic strokeΔ

 No HF or LD use

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Isolated LD use

0.99 (0.94–1.04)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)***

0.88 (0.83–0.93)***

 Diagnosed HF

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

1.00 (0.90–1.10)

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

 Diagnosed HF + LD use

0.81 (0.76–0.86)***

0.72 (0.68–0.78)***

0.78 (0.72–0.84)***

  1. HF heart failure, LD loop-diuretic
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005
  3. ΔHazard ratios (95% CI) are derived using the method of Fine and Gray, adjusting for death as a competing risk
  4. aModel 1 is the unadjusted analysis
  5. bModel 2 adjusts for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking status, and comorbidities at AF diagnosis: COPD, diabetes, hypertension, previous MI, previous stroke/TIA
  6. cModel 3 adjusts for variables in Model 2 + medication use at AF diagnosis (ACEI/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, digoxin, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antiarrhythmic drug, non-dihydropyridine CCB, and statin use)