Fig. 2

A 10-year change in cognitive measures in monozygotic co-twins discordant for flavonoid subclass intake. Bars represent the mean and error bars of the standard error of a 10-year change in ARC score (panel A) and a 10-year change in simple reaction time (panel B) in the high (white bars) and low intake (black bars) twins. n = is the number of pairs included in each analysis. Discordance was defined as a within-pair difference in intake ≥1 SD. *p values <0.05 calculated using paired sample t tests for comparison of twins with higher intake with twins with lower intake. Measures of delayed matching to samples, intra-extra dimensional set shift and paired-associate learning were non-significant and are not shown. In the ARC analysis, two twin pairs were discordant for all three subclasses; two twin pairs were discordant for anthocyanins and flavanones, three twin pairs were discordant for anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins and one twin pair was discordant for proanthocyanidins and flavanones