Table 1 Characteristics and dietary intakes of the whole sample of female twins (n = 1126) and the longitudinal subset (n = 224) at baseline and over 10 years
From: Increased habitual flavonoid intake predicts attenuation of cognitive ageing in twins
Characteristic | Whole sample | Longitudinal subset | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
n= | Value | n= | Value | |
Age, years | 1126 | 56.5 (12.9) | 224 | 54.9 (7.7) |
Monozygotic, yes, % (n) | 1126 | 48.1 (542) | 224 | 34.8 (78) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 1126 | 25.3 (4.5) | 224 | 25.3 (4.2) |
Current smoker, yes, % (n) | 1121 | 8.1 (91) | 224 | 10.3 (23) |
Physically active, yes, % (n) | 1119 | 25.7 (288) | 224 | 25.9 (58) |
Post-menopausal, yes, % (n) | 1126 | 71.4 (804) | 224 | 61.2 (137) |
Highest education, no qualifications, % (n) | 1126 | 11.6 (131) | 224 | 18.8 (42) |
Occupation, professional, % (n) | 956 | 37.2 (356) | 224 | 46.4 (104) |
NART, verbal IQ score | 1104 | 116 (7.2) | 222 | 115 (7.1) |
Total flavonoids, mg/day | 1126 | 1107 (621) | 224 | 1195 (591) |
Flavanones, mg/day | 1126 | 29.1 (31.5) | 224 | 34.6 (30.3) |
Anthocyanins, mg/day | 1126 | 21.0 (17.7) | 224 | 21.4 (17.1) |
Flavan-3-ols, mg/day | 1126 | 244 (179) | 224 | 233 (132) |
Flavonols, mg/day | 1126 | 44.4 (20.5) | 224 | 47.6 (19.3) |
Flavones, mg/day | 1126 | 2.2 (1.5) | 224 | 2.3 (1.4) |
Polymers, mg/day | 1126 | 766 (458) | 224 | 856 (439) |
Proanthocyanidins, mg/day | 1126 | 255 (122) | 224 | 286 (116) |
Total flavonoids, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | −30.6 (472) |
Flavanones, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | −3.1 (36.7) |
Anthocyanins, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | 4.1 (21.3) |
Flavan-3-ols, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | 17.7 (137) |
Flavonols, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | −0.9 (16.0) |
Flavones, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | 0.2 (1.7) |
Polymers, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | −48.8 (337) |
Proanthocyanidins, a 10-year change | – | – | 224 | −0.2 (139) |
Alcohol, g/day | 1126 | 8.9 (12.3) | 224 | 10.2 (12.4) |
Fat, g/day | 1126 | 66.7 (24.9) | 224 | 67.9 (22.5) |
Energy, kcal/day | 1126 | 1875 (547) | 224 | 1974 (470) |
Vitamin supplement use, yes, % (n) | 1092 | 54.0 (590) | 209 | 64.6 (135) |
Paired-associate learning, stages | 1126 | 7.7 (0.67) | – | – |
Delayed matching to sample, number correct | 541 | 19.5 (6.1) | – | – |
Simple reaction time, ms | 649 | 351 (77.0) | – | – |
Intra-extra dimensional set shift, stages | 667 | 8.2 (1.5) | – | – |
Age-related cognitive score, a 10-year change score | – | – | 224 | 0.03 (0.93) |