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Table 3 The monthly health service cost per patient of managing individuals with one, two and three conditions in an integrated one-stop clinic in Tanzania and Uganda. The mean costs and 95% confidence intervals reported are in 2020 US$

From: Patient and health provider costs of integrated HIV, diabetes and hypertension ambulatory health services in low-income settings — an empirical socio-economic cohort study in Tanzania and Uganda

Cost component

HIV only

Diabetes

Hypertension

HIV + diabetes1#

HIV + hypertension2#

Diabetes + hypertension3#

HIV + diabetes + hypertension4

Total monthly cost

$34.21 (32.92, 35.59)

$18.28 (17.52, 19.04)

$18.60 (18.13, 19.08)

$39.11 (33.99, 44.33)

$32.18 (30.35, 34.07)

$22.65 (21.86, 23.43)

$36.38 (31.83, 41.07)

Personnel

$7.36 (7.21, 7.52)

$7.34 (7.08, 7.61)

$8.15 (7.99, 8.32)

$6.71 (6.15, 7.26)

$6.62 (6.36, 6.90)

$7.72 (7.49, 7.94)

$6.37 (5.80, 6.95)

Medication

$12.21 (11.60, 12.83)

$2.11 (1.82, 2.41)

$3.64 (3.43, 3.86)

$18.54 (15.04, 22.36)a

$14.12 (12.98, 15.30)b

$4.99 (4.53, 5.46)c

$16.98 (13.94, 20.45)d

Diagnostics

$9.24 (8.30, 10.35)

$3.64 (3.34, 3.97)

$0.45 (0.32, 0.61)

$9.65 (7.31, 11.99)

$6.81 (6.08, 7.54)

$3.87 (3.49, 4.23)

$9.07 (7.08, 11.08)

Overheads

$5.39 (5.16, 5.63)

$5.19 (4.80, 5.59)

$6.36 (6.04, 6.67)

$4.21 (3.61, 4.86)

$4.64 (4.33, 4.95)

$6.07 (5.72, 6.42)

$3.97 (3.39, 4.60)

 Administration

$3.61 (3.39, 3.82)

$3.69 (3.36, 4.03)

$4.56 (4.27, 4.85)

$2.43 (2.03, 2.95)

$2.78 (2.52, 3.06)

$4.19 (3.89, 4.49)

$2.25 (1.87, 2.73)

 Equipment and furniture

$0.38 (0.35, 0.41)

$0.34 (0.29, 0.38)

$0.40 (0.36, 0.43)

$0.44 (0.31, 0.56)

$0.39 (0.34, 0.44)

$0.51 (0.46, 0.56)

$0.38 (0.27, 0.50)

 Rental space

$1.41 (1.37, 1.44)

$1.16 (1.11, 1.22)

$1.40 (1.36, 1.43)

$1.34 (1.16, 1.51)

$1.47 (1.40, 1.53)

$1.37 (1.32, 1.42)

$1.34 (1.16, 1.51)

  1. aThe mean cost for antiretroviral therapy was $16.92 (95% CI 13.22, 20.84) and that of diabetes drugs was $1.62 (95% CI 0.96, 2.39)
  2. bThe mean cost for antiretroviral therapy was $11.88 (95% CI 10.81, 12.99) and that of hypertension drugs was $2.24 (95% CI 1.91, 2.59)
  3. cThe mean cost of diabetes medication was $1.75 (95% CI 1.44, 2.09) and that of hypertension medication was $3.24 (95% CI 2.95, 3.54)
  4. dThe mean cost for antiretroviral therapy was $13.26 (95% CI 10.62, 16.15), hypertension drugs was $2.53 (95% CI 1.78, 3.35) and that of diabetes drugs was $1.19 (95% CI 0.64, 1.94)
  5. 1The cost of managing an individual with HIV and diabetes was − $13.39 (95% CI − 18.69, − 8.02) cheaper than managing two individuals with single conditions of HIV and diabetes, i.e., cost reductions of 25.5% (95% CI 15.4%, 35.5%)
  6. 2The cost of managing an individual with HIV and hypertension was − $20.63 (95% CI − 23.00, − 18.31) cheaper than managing two individuals with single conditions of HIV and hypertension, i.e., cost reductions of 39.1% (95% CI 35.1%, 42.9%)
  7. 3The cost of managing an individual with diabetes and hypertension was − $14.24 (95% CI − 15.42, − 13.05) cheaper than managing two individuals with single conditions of diabetes and hypertension, i.e., cost reduction of 38.6% (95% CI 36.0%, 41.1%)
  8. 4The cost of managing an individual with three conditions HIV, diabetes and hypertension is − $34.72 (95% CI − 39.53, − 29.75) cheaper than the cost of managing three individuals with single conditions of HIV, diabetes and hypertension, i.e., cost reductions of 48.8% (95% CI 42.1%, 55.3%). The overall cost of managing individuals with multi-morbidity (2 or 3 conditions) is − $20.74 (95% CI − 37.94, − 9.83) cheaper than the cost of two or more individuals with single conditions, i.e., cost reductions of 38.0% (95% CI 18.8%, 53.1%)
  9. #The average additional cost per month of managing: (i) diabetes in an HIV-infected individual is $4.89 (95% CI − 0.36, 10.22), (ii) hypertension in HIV-infected individual is − $2.03 (95% CI − 4.33, 0.27) and (iii) hypertension in diabetic individuals is $4.37 (95% CI 3.27, 5.49)
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