Fig. 3

Lipid species associated with intensive lactation at baseline. A Volcano plot showing log2 FC against -log10 FDR of 818 lipid species measured at baseline in the IBF group compared to the IFF/Mixed group. Blue points indicate significantly differentially expressed neutral lipids, red denotes phospholipids, and yellow indicates sphingolipids. Grey points indicate no significant change. Table shows the sum number of differentially/non-differentially expressed lipid species in three lipid groups. Significance was indicated by FDR < 0.05. B Number of lactation intensity-associated metabolites in 15 lipid classes. Red indicates upregulated metabolites whereas blue indicates downregulated, and grey denotes no significant change. Significance was indicated by FDR < 0.05. C Bubble plot showing the top 150 (organized by FDR value) most significantly differentially expressed lipid species associated with lactation intensity. Red points indicate upregulation and blue points denote downregulation