Rehabilitation of executive function in chronic paediatric brain injury: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Estimated difference between pGMT and pBHW in performance-based tests at 6-month follow-up with 95% confidence interval

EF outcomes	pGMT, mean (SD)^a	pBHW, mean (SD)^a	Estimated mean difference (95% CI)^b	P value
Updating, raw scores (n = 70)	26.2 (5.5)	25.3 (4.4)	− 0.2 (− 1.7 to 1.4)	.830
Shifting, raw scores (n = 70)	94.3 (57.6)	96.4 (46.2)	− 4.5 (− 18.9 to 9.9)	.540
Inhibition, T-scores (n = 71)	48.3 (9.3)	54.8 (9.6)	5.2 (1.6 to 8.7)	.005
Executive attention, raw scores (n = 71)	72.4 (31.7)	75.1 (22)	9.9 (2.2 to 17.6)	.010
Complex naturalistic task, raw scores (n = 68)	18.7 (16.4)	15.8 (13.1)	− 4.3 (− 8.4 to − 0.3)	.040

pGMT paediatric Goal Management Training, pBHW paediatric Brain Health Workshop
^aUnadjusted mean (SD)
^bEstimated mean differences from multiple linear regressions including the baseline measure as a covariate. Mean difference in raw scores except for inhibition (T-score), adjusted for baseline scores and strata; age at intervention (10 to 13 years/14 to 17 years) and study site (Trondheim/Oslo). Updating: Digit span, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth edition (WISC-V) (raw score); shifting: Trail Making Test 4 (TMT 4, from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System, D-KEFS) (raw score, total time); inhibition: commissions from Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, 3ed (CPT-III) (T-scores, normative: M = 50, SD = 10); executive attention: Color Word Interference Test 4 (CWIT4, D-KEFS) (raw score, total time); and complex naturalistic task: Children’s Cooking Task (CCT) (raw score, total errors)

ISSN: 1741-7015