Table 1 Study characteristics of all studies included in the dose-response meta-analyses
Reference | Country, region/city | Study years | Age range (years) | Indicator of socioeconomic status (number of groups) | Sample size by sex | Number of deaths by sex | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christensen et al. 2017 [27] | Denmark, Copenhagen, and Aarhus | 1981–2009 | 30–70 | Education (2) | 38,982 (W), 35,287 (M) | 87 (W), 270 (M) | (−) |
Connolly et al., 2010 [28] | UK, Northern Ireland | 2001–2006 | 25–74 | Education (4), occupation (4) | 369,245 (W), 351,382 (M) | 201 (W), 377 (M) | (−) |
Faeh et al., 2010 [29] | Switzerland | 1990–2000 | 30–69 | Education (3) | 1,779,617 (W), 1,670,503 (M) | 3911 (W), 12,245 (M) | (−) |
Hemström, 2002 [30] | Sweden | 1980–1995 | 20–64 | Occupation (3) | 749,260 (W), 730,789 (M) | 1781 (W), 7766 (M) | (+) |
Herttua et al. 2017 [31] | Finland | 1988–2007 | 30–79 | Education (3) | 31,234,734 (W), 29,375,870 (M) | 10,290 (W), 52,294 (M) | (−) |
Sweden | 1991–2008 | 30–79 | Education (3) | 46,921,357 (W), 46,187,540 (M) | 5653 (W), 23,038 (M) | ||
Herttua et al., 2008 [32] | Finland | 2000–2003 | 30–80 | Occupation (4) | 2,018,000 (W), 1,891,000 (M) | 555 (W), 2749 (M) | (+) |
Herttua et al., 2011 [33] | Finland | 2000–2007 | 15–79 | Income (10) | 226,930 (W), 219,890 (M) | 1745 (W), 9770 (M) | (−) |
Leinsalu et al., 2003 [34] | Estonia | 1987–1990 | 20–70 | Education (3) | 610,006 (W), 495,219 (M) | 83 (W), 334 (M) | (−) |
Mäkelä et al., 1997 [35] | Finland | 1985–1993 | 20–90 | Occupation (3) | 170,185 (W), 1,547,500 (M) | 2809 (W), 18,026 (M) | (+) |
Mäki et al., 2008 [36] | Finland | 1990–2001 | 25–64 | Income (4) | 1,051,626 (M) | 2703 (M) | (−) |
Mäki et al., 2009 [37] | Finland | 1990–2001 | 25–64 | Income (4) | 1,109,497 (W) | 563 (W) | (−) |
Mackenbach et al., 2015 [11] | Austria | 2001–2002 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 2,210,000 (W), 2,038,000 (M) | 102 (W), 403 (M) | (+) |
Belgium | 2004–2005 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 5,561,000 (W), 5,251,000 (M) | 644 (W), 1452 (M) | ||
Czechia | 1998–2003 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 3,268,000 (W), 2,929,000 (M) | 1461 (W), 4982 (M) | ||
Denmark | 1991–2005 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 2,782,000 (W), 2,665,000 (M) | 2848 (W), 7961 (M) | ||
Estonia | 1998–2002 | 35−79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 499,400 (W), 379,700 (M) | 774 (W), 2139 (M) | ||
Finland | 2006–2010 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 1,723,000 (W), 1,640,000 (M) | 1950 (W), 7001 (M) | ||
France | 1990–2007 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 579,000 (W), 552,000 (M) | 274 (W), 932 (M) | ||
Hungary | 1988–2002 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 6,141,500 (W), 5,158,000 (M) | 9451 (W), 30,751 (M) | ||
Italy, Turin | 2006–2010 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 244,500 (W), 212,000 (M) | 9 (W), 38 (M) | ||
Lithuania | 2001–2009 | 35–69 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 1,731,000 (W), 1,458,000 (M) | 2073 (W), 5287 (M) | ||
Norway | 1990–2009 | 40–79 | Education (3) | 3,204,000 (W), 3,151,000 (M) | 1526 (W), 4211 (M) | ||
Poland | 2001–2003 | 35–64 | Education (3) | 11,267,000 (W), 10,686,000 (M) | 1038 (W), 7917 (M) | ||
Slovenia | 2002–2006 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 631,000 (W), 560,000 (M) | 913 (W), 2820 (M) | ||
Spain, Barcelona | 1992–2010 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 3,879,000 (W), 3,504,000 (M) | 348 (W), 1040 (M) | ||
Spain, Madrid | 1996–1997 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 605,000 (W), 522,000 (M) | 5 (W), 26 (M) | ||
Switzerland | 1990–2008 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 5,209,000 (W), 4,543,000 (M) | 2598 (W), 5442 (M) | ||
UK, England and Wales | 2006–2009 | 35–79 | Education (3), occupation (3) | 177,000 (W), 166,000 (M) | 55 (W), 93 (M) | ||
UK, Scotland | 2006–2010 | 35–79 | Education (3) | 80,000 (W), 73,000 (M) | 53 (W), 129 (M) | ||
Sweden | 1995–1999 | 35–64 | Occupation (3) | 1,967,000 (M) | 2020 (M) | ||
Mackenbach et al., 2008 [10] | Belgium | 1991–1995 | 30–74 | Education (3) | 2,805,780 (W), 2,718,890 (M) | 2200 (W), 11,300 (M) | (+) |
Denmark | 1996–2000 | 30–74 | Education (3) | 1,571,700 (W), 1,523,030 (M) | 1200 (W), 6400 (M) | ||
Italy, Turin | 1991–2001 | 30–74 | Education (3) | 247,500 (W), 239,810 (M) | 400 (W), 2200 (M) | ||
Spain, Basque Country | 1996–2001 | 30–74 | Education (3) | 1,860,466 (W), 1,802,867 (M) | 300 (W), 1700 (M) | ||
Martikainen et al., 2001 [38] | Finland | 1990–1995 | 35–85 | Occupation (2) | 1,170,200 (W), 976,400 (M) | 723 (W), 3448 (M) | (−) |
Mateo-Urdiales et al. 2020 [39] | Spain | 2004–2011 | ≥35 | Education (3) | 25,050,004 (W), 22,601,192 (M) | 1690 (W), 9684 (M) | (+) |
Pechholdová and Jasilionis, 2020 [40] | Lithuania | 2011–2016 | ≥30 | Education (3) | 1,340,504 (W), 1,028,114 (M) | 936 (W), 2287 (M) | (+) |
Czechia | 2011–2012 | ≥30 | Education (3) | 3,611,973 (W), 3,325,221 (M) | 378 (W), 1037 (M) | ||
Pridemore et al., 2010 [41] | Russia, Izhevst | 2003–2005 | 25–54 | Education (6) | 3149 (M) | 100 (M) | (−) |
Romeri et al., 2007 [42] | UK, England and Wales | 2001–2005 | 20–64 | Occupation (9) | 17,504,000 (W), 17,217,000 (M) | 3655 (W), 13,011 (M) | (−) |
Shkolnikov et al., 1998 [43] | Russia | 1989 | 20–69 | Education (2) | 46,306,000 (W), 43,130,000 (M) | 2071 (W), 7139 (M) | (−) |
Tarkiainen et al., 2016 [44] | Finland | 1988–2012 | 35–64 | Income (5) | 242,500 (W), 244,400 (M) | 4783 (W), 17,147 (M) | (+) |
Tjepkema et al., 2013 [45] | Canada | 1991–2006 | 25–64 | Occupation (5) | 1,153,500 (W), 1,082,400 (M) | 490 (W), 1730 (M) | (+) |
Tjepkema et al., 2012 [46] | Canada | 1991–2006 | 25–80 | Education (4) | 1,376,600 (W), 1,358,200 (M) | 1127 (W), 2990 (M) | (+) |
Valkonen et al., 2000 [47] | Finland | 1980–1985 | 35–64 | Occupation (2) | 741,200 (W), 681,200 (M) | 650 (W), 3150 (M) | (+) |
Valkonen, 1993 [48] | Finland | 1970–1985 | 35–64 | Occupation (4) | 732,000 (M) | 9000 (M) | (+) |
Vierboom, 2020 [49] | USA | 1990–2011 | 30–74 | Education (4) | 529,295 (W), 444,273 (M) | 789 (W), 1823 (M) | (−) |