Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample (N = 3401)
Total n = 3401 | Boys n = 1475 (43.4%) | Girls n = 1926 (56.6%) | Sex difference p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics at baseline | ||||
Province | 0.030 | |||
Western Cape | 1753 (51.5%) | 729 (41.6%) | 1024 (58.4%) | |
Mpumalanga | 1648 (48.5%) | 746 (45.3%) | 902 (54.7%) | |
Age | 0.615 | |||
Mean (SD) | 13.43 (2.14) | 13.4 (2.10) | 13.44 (2.18) | |
Rural location | 0.238 | |||
Yes | 1681 (49.4%) | 712 (42.4%) | 969 (57.6%) | |
Informal housing | 0.153 | |||
Yes | 1068 (31.4%) | 444 (41.6%) | 624 (58.4) | |
Hypothesized protective factors received at both T1 and T2 | ||||
Positive parenting | 0.502 | |||
Yes | 875 (25.7%) | 371 (42.4%) | 504 (57.6%) | |
Parental monitoring | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 2677 (78.7%) | 1105 (41.2%) | 1572 (58.7%) | |
Food sufficiency at home | 0.776 | |||
Yes | 2829 (83.2%) | 1230 (43.48) | 1599 (56.5%) | |
HIV−/ asymptomatic caregiver | 0.057 | |||
Yes | 3198 (94.0%) | 1400 (43.8%) | 1798 (56.2%) | |
Teacher support | 0.365 | |||
Yes | 569 (16.7%) | 237 (41.7%) | 332 (58.4%) | |
Free school meals, textbooks and no fees | 0.243 | |||
Yes | 1329 (39.1%) | 560 (42.1%) | 769 (57.8%) | |
SDG outcomes at T2 | ||||
Physical abuse | 0.226 | |||
Yes | 1289 (37.9%) | 576 (44.7%) | 713 (55.31) | |
Emotional abuse | 0.004 | |||
Yes | 1076 (31.6%) | 428 (39.8%) | 648 (60.2%) | |
Sexual abuse | 0.001 | |||
Yes | 295 (8.7%) | 101 (34.2%) | 194 (65.8%) | |
Bullying | 0.022 | |||
Yes | 2494 (73.3%) | 1111 (44.6%) | 1383 (55.5%) | |
Domestic violence witnessing | 0.002 | |||
Yes | 535 (15.7%) | 200 (37.4%) | 335 (62.6%) | |
Community violence exposure | 0.723 | |||
Yes | 1312 (38.6%) | 574 (43.8%) | 738 (56.3%) | |
Community violence witnessing | 0.124 | |||
Yes | 1338 (39.3%) | 602 (45.0%) | 736 (55.0%) | |
Suicidal ideation | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 614 (18.1%) | 213 (34.7%) | 401 (65.7%) | |
HIV risk behaviour | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 443 (13.0%) | 251 (56.7%) | 192 (43.3%) | |
TB symptomatic | 0.105 | |||
Yes | 176 (5.2%) | 66 (37.5%) | 110 (62.5%) | |
Substance use | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 249 (7.3%) | 143 (57.4%) | 106 (42.6%) | |
School dropout | 0.046 | |||
Yes | 147 (4.3%) | 52 (35.4%) | 95 (64.6%) | |