Accelerating Sustainable Development Goals for South African adolescents from high HIV prevalence areas: a longitudinal path analysis

Meinck, Franziska; Orkin, Mark; Cluver, Lucie

doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02137-8

Table 2: Path model using multivariate probit regressions with correlated outcomes reporting standardized coefficients using the WLSMV estimator (n = 3396)

From: Accelerating Sustainable Development Goals for South African adolescents from high HIV prevalence areas: a longitudinal path analysis

	Coefficient	95% CI	S.E.	p value
Physical abuse
Positive parenting	− 0.066	− 0.11 to − 0.022	0.022	0.003
Food sufficiency	− 0.056	− 0.098 to − 0.013	0.022	0.010
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.107	− 0.147 to − 0.067	0.020	0.000
Parental monitoring	− 0.083	− 0.126 to − 0.039	0.022	0.000
Teacher support	− 0.013	− 0.057–0.03	0.022	0.546
Free schooling	0.048	0.002–0.093	0.023	0.043
Baseline physical abuse	0.079	0.033–0.125	0.023	0.001
Age	− 0.154	− 0.2 to − 0.108	0.023	0.000
Province	0.230	0.168–0.292	0.032	0.000
Urban location	0.057	0.011–0.103	0.023	0.015
Informal housing	− 0.008	− 0.061–0.044	0.027	0.758
Sex	− 0.011	− 0.053–0.032	0.022	0.625
Emotional abuse
Positive parenting	− 0.074	− 0.12 to − 0.027	0.024	0.002
Food sufficiency	− 0.095	− 0.138 to − 0.052	0.022	0.000
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.127	− 0.168 to − 0.085	0.021	0.000
Parental monitoring	− 0.085	− 0.129 to − 0.04	0.023	0.000
Teacher support	0.038	− 0.006–0.082	0.023	0.091
Free schooling	0.020	− 0.027–0.068	0.024	0.405
Baseline emotional abuse	0.092	0.044–0.141	0.025	0.000
Age	0.008	− 0.041–0.056	0.025	0.758
Province	− 0.007	− 0.072–0.059	0.033	0.844
Urban location	0.028	− 0.019–0.076	0.024	0.247
Informal housing	− 0.050	− 0.103–0.003	0.027	0.066
Sex	0.059	0.014–0.103	0.023	0.010
Sexual abuse
Positive parenting	− 0.064	− 0.131–0.002	0.034	0.058
Food sufficiency	− 0.046	− 0.108–0.015	0.031	0.141
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.045	− 0.101–0.012	0.029	0.122
Parental monitoring	− 0.040	− 0.101–0.02	0.031	0.190
Teacher support	0.009	− 0.054–0.072	0.032	0.772
Free schooling	− 0.002	− 0.068–0.065	0.034	0.961
Baseline sexual abuse	0.135	0.091–0.179	0.023	0.000
Age	0.138	0.07–0.206	0.035	0.000
Province	0.211	0.122–0.299	0.045	0.000
Urban location	0.028	− 0.039–0.096	0.034	0.411
Informal housing	− 0.097	− 0.177 to − 0.017	0.041	0.018
Sex	0.105	0.042–0.167	0.032	0.001
Witnessing domestic violence
Positive parenting	− 0.027	− 0.081–0.028	0.028	0.335
Food sufficiency	− 0.112	− 0.16 to − 0.064	0.025	0.000
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.067	− 0.114 to − 0.021	0.024	0.004
Parental monitoring	0.000	− 0.054–0.055	0.028	0.993
Teacher support	− 0.032	− 0.086–0.022	0.028	0.244
Free schooling	− 0.025	− 0.083–0.032	0.029	0.392
Baseline domestic violence	0.112	0.059–0.165	0.027	0.000
Age	− 0.043	− 0.098–0.011	0.028	0.121
Province	− 0.114	− 0.189 to − 0.039	0.038	0.003
Urban location	− 0.113	− 0.167 to − 0.058	0.028	0.000
Informal housing	− 0.022	− 0.081–0.038	0.030	0.472
Sex	0.067	0.015–0.12	0.027	0.012
Bullying
Positive parenting	0.030	− 0.017–0.078	0.024	0.213
Food sufficiency	− 0.077	− 0.124 to − 0.031	0.024	0.001
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.072	− 0.121 to − 0.023	0.025	0.004
Parental monitoring	− 0.069	− 0.116 to − 0.022	0.024	0.004
Teacher support	− 0.043	− 0.087–0.002	0.023	0.062
Free schooling	0.042	− 0.007–0.092	0.025	0.091
Baseline bullying	0.128	0.083–0.173	0.023	0.000
Age	− 0.109	− 0.156 to − 0.061	0.024	0.000
Province	− 0.013	− 0.081–0.055	0.035	0.711
Urban location	− 0.158	− 0.206 to − 0.111	0.024	0.000
Informal housing	0.034	− 0.021–0.09	0.028	0.224
Sex	− 0.045	− 0.091–0.001	0.023	0.053
Witnessing community violence
Positive parenting	− 0.030	− 0.071–0.01	0.021	0.145
Food sufficiency	− 0.059	− 0.095 to − 0.023	0.018	0.001
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.021	− 0.061–0.019	0.020	0.299
Parental monitoring	− 0.035	− 0.073–0.003	0.020	0.073
Teacher support	0.038	− 0.002–0.077	0.020	0.063
Free schooling	0.001	− 0.039–0.041	0.021	0.954
Baseline wit. community violence	0.148	0.11–0.186	0.020	0.000
Age	0.108	0.068–0.148	0.021	0.000
Province	− 0.539	− 0.584 to − 0.493	0.023	0.000
Urban location	− 0.054	− 0.094 to − 0.013	0.021	0.009
Informal housing	− 0.025	− 0.068–0.018	0.022	0.261
Sex	− 0.051	− 0.09 to − 0.013	0.020	0.009
Experiencing community violence
Positive parenting	− 0.030	− 0.072–0.013	0.022	0.172
Food sufficiency	− 0.065	− 0.104 to − 0.026	0.020	0.001
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.084	− 0.126 to − 0.043	0.021	0.000
Parental monitoring	− 0.046	− 0.087 to − 0.005	0.021	0.029
Teacher support	0.040	− 0.001–0.08	0.021	0.055
Free schooling	0.024	− 0.02–0.068	0.023	0.288
Baseline Exp Comm Viol	0.057	0.015–0.1	0.022	0.008
Age	0.039	− 0.005–0.083	0.022	0.080
Province	− 0.414	− 0.467 to − 0.362	0.027	0.000
Urban location	− 0.291	− 0.332 to − 0.25	0.021	0.000
Informal housing	− 0.063	− 0.111 to − 0.016	0.024	0.008
Sex	− 0.022	− 0.063–0.018	0.021	0.282
School dropout
Positive parenting	− 0.046	− 4.538–4.446	2.292	0.984
Food sufficiency	− 0.080	− 7.944–7.784	4.012	0.984
AIDS-free caregiver	0.008	− 0.827–0.844	0.426	0.984
Parental monitoring	− 0.020	− 1.941–1.902	0.980	0.984
Teacher support	− 0.378	− 37.417–36.661	18.897	0.984
Free schooling	− 0.026	− 2745.612–2745.559	1400.809	1.000
Baseline school dropout	0.146	− 14.144–14.435	7.291	0.984
Age	0.307	− 29.8–30.415	15.361	0.984
Province	0.001	− 0.188–0.191	0.097	0.989
Urban location	0.091	− 8.844–9.026	4.559	0.984
Informal housing	0.049	− 4.74–4.838	2.443	0.984
Sex	0.066	− 6.426–6.559	3.312	0.984
Substance use
Positive parenting	− 0.111	− 0.192 to − 0.029	0.042	0.008
Food sufficiency	− 0.023	− 0.084–0.037	0.031	0.450
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.031	− 0.093–0.032	0.032	0.339
Parental monitoring	− 0.088	− 0.147 to − 0.028	0.030	0.004
Teacher support	− 0.003	− 0.071–0.065	0.035	0.930
Free schooling	− 0.056	− 0.127–0.016	0.037	0.129
Baseline substance use	0.044	− 0.02–0.108	0.033	0.180
Age	0.321	0.257–0.384	0.032	0.000
Province	− 0.258	− 0.353 to − 0.164	0.048	0.000
Urban location	− 0.009	− 0.075–0.057	0.034	0.790
Informal housing	− 0.080	− 0.147 to − 0.012	0.034	0.020
Sex	− 0.135	− 0.201 to − 0.069	0.034	0.000
Suicidal ideation
Positive parenting	− 0.059	− 0.114 to − 0.005	0.028	0.033
Food sufficiency	− 0.097	− 0.143 to − 0.051	0.023	0.000
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.104	− 0.148 to − 0.061	0.022	0.000
Parental monitoring	0.002	− 0.047–0.052	0.025	0.923
Teacher support	− 0.048	− 0.101–0.005	0.027	0.075
Free schooling	− 0.024	− 0.078–0.03	0.028	0.387
Baseline suicidal ideation	0.140	0.095–0.186	0.023	0.000
Age	0.121	0.07–0.173	0.026	0.000
Province	− 0.102	− 0.175 to − 0.029	0.037	0.006
Urban location	− 0.139	− 0.19 to − 0.087	0.026	0.000
Informal housing	− 0.032	− 0.09–0.026	0.030	0.283
Sex	0.095	0.044–0.146	0.026	0.000
HIV risk behaviour
Positive parenting	− 0.006	− 0.065–0.054	0.030	0.854
Food sufficiency	− 0.060	− 0.11 to − 0.011	0.025	0.017
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.068	− 0.116 to − 0.02	0.025	0.006
Parental monitoring	− 0.072	− 0.12 to − 0.024	0.025	0.003
Teacher support	0.008	− 0.047–0.063	0.028	0.776
Free schooling	− 0.087	− 0.144 to − 0.03	0.029	0.003
Baseline HIV risk behaviour	0.193	0.155–0.232	0.020	0.000
Age	0.326	0.27–0.383	0.029	0.000
Province	− 0.162	− 0.235 to − 0.088	0.038	0.000
Urban location	0.026	− 0.029–0.081	0.028	0.360
Informal housing	0.004	− 0.054–0.062	0.029	0.891
Sex	− 0.166	− 0.219 to − 0.114	0.027	0.000
TB symptomatic
Positive parenting	− 0.029	− 0.107–0.049	0.040	0.465
Food sufficiency	0.065	− 0.017–0.148	0.042	0.122
AIDS-free caregiver	− 0.088	− 0.149 to − 0.026	0.031	0.005
Parental monitoring	− 0.013	− 0.096–0.07	0.042	0.763
Teacher support	0.009	− 0.066–0.083	0.038	0.821
Free schooling	0.040	− 0.044–0.123	0.043	0.352
Baseline TB symptomology	0.135	0.075–0.196	0.031	0.000
Age	− 0.012	− 0.097–0.073	0.043	0.780
Province	0.224	0.115–0.333	0.056	0.000
Urban location	− 0.067	− 0.154–0.02	0.044	0.129
Informal housing	0.016	− 0.085–0.116	0.051	0.760
Sex	0.057	− 0.019–0.132	0.038	0.140

Model fit: χ² = 258.387, df = 132, p < 001, CFI .967, TLI .914, RMSEA .017, WRMR .878

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