From: Different hypertension thresholds and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of three ageing cohorts
Characteristic | HRS (n = 6964) | Â | ELSA (n = 5334) | Â | CHARLS (n = 5292) | Â | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 2810) | Women (n = 4154) | P value* | Men (n = 2338) | Women (n = 2996) | P value* | Men (n = 2533) | Women (n = 2759) | P value* | |
Age (years) | 66.4 ± 7.9 | 66.2 ± 8.0 | 0.420 | 62.2 ± 8.7 | 62.5 ± 9.1 | 0.202 | 59.4 ± 8.6 | 56.9 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
White (%) | 2376 (84.6) | 3369 (81.1) | < 0.001 | 2291 (98.0) | 2946 (98.3) | 0.355 | 0 (%) | 0 (%) |  |
BP group (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Normal | 378 (13.5) | 736 (17.7) |  | 186 (8.0) | 395 (13.2) |  | 598 (23.6) | 820 (29.7) |  |
 Borderline | 700 (24.9) | 1044 (25.1) |  | 460 (19.7) | 502 (16.8) |  | 616 (24.3) | 612 (22.2) |  |
 High | 1732 (61.6) | 2374 (57.1) |  | 1692 (72.4) | 2099 (70.1) |  | 1319 (52.1) | 1327 (48.1) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 4.8 | 29.5 ± 6.0 | 0.551 | 27.5 ± 3.8 | 27.5 ± 5.0 | 0.814 | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.4 ± 18.4 | 128.4 ± 19.7 | < 0.001 | 141.9 ± 17.6 | 139.7 ± 20.2 | < 0.001 | 129.9 ± 19.8 | 129.4 ± 21.4 | 0.313 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.4 ± 11.1 | 79.4 ± 11.3 | 0.010 | 81.6 ± 11.3 | 74.8 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 | 76.2 ± 12.2 | 75.5 ± 11.9 | 0.049 |
High level of education (%) | 2326 (82.8) | 3384 (81.5) | 0.162 | 1043 (44.6) | 832 (27.8) | < 0.001 | 387 (15.3) | 193 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
Living alone (%) | 457 (16.3) | 1533 (36.9) | < 0.001 | 491 (21.0) | 1101 (36.7) | < 0.001 | 206 (8.1) | 326 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
Current smoking (%) | 344 (12.2) | 473 (11.4) | 0.276 | 333 (14.2) | 489 (16.3) | 0.037 | 1866 (73.7) | 203 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 1334 (47.5) | 1233 (29.7) | < 0.001 | 1740 (74.4) | 1595 (53.2) | < 0.001 | 1161 (45.8) | 192 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
Physically active (%) | 2399 (85.4) | 3161 (76.1) | < 0.001 | 2027 (86.7) | 2397 (80.0) | < 0.001 | 786 (31.0) | 843 (30.6) | 0.708 |
Depressive symptoms (%) | 231 (8.2) | 603 (14.5) | < 0.001 | 207 (8.9) | 500 (16.7) | < 0.001 | 461 (18.2) | 797 (28.9) | < 0.001 |
Taking antihypertension medication (%) | 1982 (70.5) | 2958 (71.2) | 0.543 | 1203 (51.5) | 1512 (50.5) | 0.474 | 573 (25.6) | 555 (23.6) | 0.124 |
History of diseases | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hypertension (%) | 1729 (61.5) | 2502 (60.2) | 0.276 | 797 (34.1) | 1055 (35.2) | 0.392 | 986 (38.9) | 1081 (39.2) | 0.85 |
 Diabetes (%) | 522 (18.6) | 671 (16.2) | 0.008 | 165 (7.1) | 129 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 122 (4.8) | 169 (6.1) | 0.037 |
 Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 1343 (47.8) | 1656 (39.9) | < 0.001 | 829 (35.5) | 1132 (37.8) | 0.08 | 384 (15.2) | 463 (16.8) | 0.108 |
 Heart disease (%) | 682 (24.3) | 707 (17.0) | < 0.001 | 433 (18.5) | 441 (14.7) | < 0.001 | 235 (9.3) | 344 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
 Stroke (%) | 128 (4.6) | 133 (3.2) | 0.004 | 63 (2.7) | 75 (2.5) | 0.662 | 47 (1.9) | 38 (1.4) | 0.167 |
 Cancer (%) | 386 (13.7) | 472 (11.4) | 0.003 | 92 (3.9) | 202 (6.7) | < 0.001 | 17 (0.7) | 28 (1.0) | 0.174 |
 Chronic lung disease (%) | 177 (6.3) | 341 (8.2) | 0.003 | 103 (4.4) | 154 (5.1) | 0.214 | 278 (11.0) | 232 (8.4) | 0.002 |
Cognitive scores | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Memory | 10.0 ± 3.1 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 | 10.1 ± 3.2 | 10.5 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 | 15.2 ± 4.7 | 15.0 ± 4.9 | 0.071 |
 Executive†| 7 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | < 0.001 | 21.1 ± 6.3 | 20.3 ± 6.0 | < 0.001 | 7 (5–8) | 5 (3–8) | < 0.001 |
 Orientation | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) | < 0.001 | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) | 0.003 | 4 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | < 0.001 |