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Table 1 BP group and covariates of participants in analyses

From: Different hypertension thresholds and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of three ageing cohorts

Characteristic

HRS (n = 6964)

 

ELSA (n = 5334)

 

CHARLS (n = 5292)

 

Men (n = 2810)

Women (n = 4154)

P value*

Men (n = 2338)

Women (n = 2996)

P value*

Men (n = 2533)

Women (n = 2759)

P value*

Age (years)

66.4 ± 7.9

66.2 ± 8.0

0.420

62.2 ± 8.7

62.5 ± 9.1

0.202

59.4 ± 8.6

56.9 ± 8.8

< 0.001

White (%)

2376 (84.6)

3369 (81.1)

< 0.001

2291 (98.0)

2946 (98.3)

0.355

0 (%)

0 (%)

 

BP group (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Normal

378 (13.5)

736 (17.7)

 

186 (8.0)

395 (13.2)

 

598 (23.6)

820 (29.7)

 

 Borderline

700 (24.9)

1044 (25.1)

 

460 (19.7)

502 (16.8)

 

616 (24.3)

612 (22.2)

 

 High

1732 (61.6)

2374 (57.1)

 

1692 (72.4)

2099 (70.1)

 

1319 (52.1)

1327 (48.1)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

29.4 ± 4.8

29.5 ± 6.0

0.551

27.5 ± 3.8

27.5 ± 5.0

0.814

23.1 ± 3.5

24.2 ± 3.8

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133.4 ± 18.4

128.4 ± 19.7

< 0.001

141.9 ± 17.6

139.7 ± 20.2

< 0.001

129.9 ± 19.8

129.4 ± 21.4

0.313

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.4 ± 11.1

79.4 ± 11.3

0.010

81.6 ± 11.3

74.8 ± 11.6

< 0.001

76.2 ± 12.2

75.5 ± 11.9

0.049

High level of education (%)

2326 (82.8)

3384 (81.5)

0.162

1043 (44.6)

832 (27.8)

< 0.001

387 (15.3)

193 (7.0)

< 0.001

Living alone (%)

457 (16.3)

1533 (36.9)

< 0.001

491 (21.0)

1101 (36.7)

< 0.001

206 (8.1)

326 (11.8)

< 0.001

Current smoking (%)

344 (12.2)

473 (11.4)

0.276

333 (14.2)

489 (16.3)

0.037

1866 (73.7)

203 (7.4)

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption (%)

1334 (47.5)

1233 (29.7)

< 0.001

1740 (74.4)

1595 (53.2)

< 0.001

1161 (45.8)

192 (7.0)

< 0.001

Physically active (%)

2399 (85.4)

3161 (76.1)

< 0.001

2027 (86.7)

2397 (80.0)

< 0.001

786 (31.0)

843 (30.6)

0.708

Depressive symptoms (%)

231 (8.2)

603 (14.5)

< 0.001

207 (8.9)

500 (16.7)

< 0.001

461 (18.2)

797 (28.9)

< 0.001

Taking antihypertension medication (%)

1982 (70.5)

2958 (71.2)

0.543

1203 (51.5)

1512 (50.5)

0.474

573 (25.6)

555 (23.6)

0.124

History of diseases

         

 Hypertension (%)

1729 (61.5)

2502 (60.2)

0.276

797 (34.1)

1055 (35.2)

0.392

986 (38.9)

1081 (39.2)

0.85

 Diabetes (%)

522 (18.6)

671 (16.2)

0.008

165 (7.1)

129 (4.3)

< 0.001

122 (4.8)

169 (6.1)

0.037

 Hypercholesterolemia (%)

1343 (47.8)

1656 (39.9)

< 0.001

829 (35.5)

1132 (37.8)

0.08

384 (15.2)

463 (16.8)

0.108

 Heart disease (%)

682 (24.3)

707 (17.0)

< 0.001

433 (18.5)

441 (14.7)

< 0.001

235 (9.3)

344 (12.5)

< 0.001

 Stroke (%)

128 (4.6)

133 (3.2)

0.004

63 (2.7)

75 (2.5)

0.662

47 (1.9)

38 (1.4)

0.167

 Cancer (%)

386 (13.7)

472 (11.4)

0.003

92 (3.9)

202 (6.7)

< 0.001

17 (0.7)

28 (1.0)

0.174

 Chronic lung disease (%)

177 (6.3)

341 (8.2)

0.003

103 (4.4)

154 (5.1)

0.214

278 (11.0)

232 (8.4)

0.002

Cognitive scores

         

 Memory

10.0 ± 3.1

10.9 ± 3.2

< 0.001

10.1 ± 3.2

10.5 ± 3.2

< 0.001

15.2 ± 4.7

15.0 ± 4.9

0.071

 Executive†

7 (5–7)

6 (5–7)

< 0.001

21.1 ± 6.3

20.3 ± 6.0

< 0.001

7 (5–8)

5 (3–8)

< 0.001

 Orientation

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

< 0.001

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

0.003

4 (3–4)

3 (2–4)

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n (%), or median (IQR)
  2. * P value for differences between men and women
  3. † The executive scores are presented in different forms due to different assessment methods
  4. HRS, the Health and Retirement Study; ELSA, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; CHARLS, the China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index