Marked reduction in antibiotic usage following intensive malaria control in a cohort of Ugandan children

Table 1 Association between the timing of IRS and incidence of malaria treatments

Time period	Antimalarial treatments	Person-years	Incidence^*		IRR (95% CI)^†	p-value	IRD (95% CI)^†	p-value
Time period	Antimalarial treatments	Person-years	Crude	Adjusted ^†	IRR (95% CI)^†	p-value	IRD (95% CI)^†	p-value
Pre-IRS	2515	843.0	2.98	2.68	Reference group		Reference group
Years 1–3 of IRS	455	639.3	0.71	0.66	0.25 (0.21, 0.28)	< 0.001	− 2.02 (− 2.27, − 1.78)	< 0.001
Years 4–5 of IRS	27	489.4	0.06	0.05	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)	< 0.001	− 2.63 (− 2.90, − 2.36)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: IRR incidence rate ratio (incidence in the comparison group/incidence in the reference group), IRD incidence rate difference (incidence in the comparison group − incidence in the reference group), IRS indoor residual spraying
^*Treatments per person-year
^†Estimates calculated using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Models included individual- and household-level random intercepts and were adjusted for age, gender, and calendar month fixed-effects

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