Marked reduction in antibiotic usage following intensive malaria control in a cohort of Ugandan children

Table 2 Association between the timing of IRS and incidence of antibiotic treatments

Time period	Antibiotic treatments	Person-years	Incidence^*		IRR (95% CI)^†	p-value	IRD (95% CI)^†	p-value
Time period	Antibiotic treatments	Person-years	Crude	Adjusted^†	IRR (95% CI)^†	p-value	IRD (95% CI)^†	p-value
Pre-IRS	3534	843.0	4.19	4.14	Reference group		Reference group
Years 1–3 of IRS	1165	639.3	1.82	1.96	0.47 (0.43, 0.52)	< 0.001	− 2.18 (− 2.48, − 1.88)	< 0.001
Years 4–5 of IRS	636	489.4	1.30	1.26	0.30 (0.27, 0.34)	< 0.001	− 2.88 (− 3.21, − 2.54)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: IRR incidence rate ratio (incidence in the comparison group/incidence in the reference group), IRD incidence rate difference (incidence in the comparison group − incidence in the reference group), IRS indoor residual spraying
^*Treatments per person-year
^†Estimates calculated using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Models included individual- and household-level random intercepts and were adjusted for age, gender, and calendar month fixed-effects

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