Fig. 1

Risk of stroke by proton pump inhibitor use, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Risk of bias: Two studies might have bias due to deviations from intended interventions because it is an open-labeled trial. Quality of evidence: moderate. Based on the GRADE system, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was initially rated as high-quality evidence. Because two included studies were open-labeled trials, we downgraded the level of quality. There were also no other factors that may downgrade the quality in terms of the inconsistency of results, indirectness of evidence, imprecision, and reporting bias