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Table 2 Risk of stroke by regular use of proton pump inhibitors in the UK Biobank

From: Regular use of proton-pump inhibitors and risk of stroke: a population-based cohort study and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials

 

Cases/person-years

Hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]

Age and sex-stratified model

Multivariable adjusted model 1†

Multivariable adjusted model 2‡

Multivariable adjusted model 3¶

All stroke

     

 Non-regular PPI user

4326/3,549,337

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Regular PPI user

856/385 693

1.45 [1.34, 1.56]

1.17 [1.09, 1.27]

1.17 [1.08, 1.26]

1.16 [1.06, 1.27]

Ischemic stroke

     

 Non-regular PPI user

3359/3,551,582

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Regular PPI user

693/386,096

1.48 [1.37, 1.61]

1.17 [1.07, 1.27]

1.15 [1.06, 1.26]

1.14 [1.04, 1.26]

Intracerebral hemorrhage

    

 Non-regular PPI user

720/3,560,115

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Regular PPI user

119/387,845

1.15 [0.95, 1.40]

1.01 [0.83, 1.23]

1.01 [0.83, 1.24]

1.06 [0.84, 1.34]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

    

 Non-regular PPI user

484/3,551,582

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Regular PPI user

90/386,096

1.56 [1.24, 1.96]

1.50 [1.19, 1.89]

1.50 [1.19, 1.90]

1.47 [1.12, 1.94]

  1. †Multivariable adjusted model 1: additionally adjusted for ethnicity (white, or other), socioeconomic status (index of multiple deprivation, fifth), smoking status (never smoker, previous smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (daily or almost daily, one to four times a week, one to three times a month, special occasions only or never), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), fruit and vegetable intake (≥5 portions or < 5 portions), BMI, multivitamin use, and mineral supplements intake (yes or no), family history of stroke (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), prevalent cardiovascular disease (including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease, yes or no), atrial fibrillation (yes or no), cancer (yes or no)
  2. ‡Multivariable adjusted model 2: additionally adjusted for medications use, including aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, acetaminophen, antihypertensive drugs (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics), statin, and metformin
  3. ¶Multivariable adjusted model 3: additionally adjusted for esophagitis/Barretts esophagus (yes or no), gastroesophageal reflux disease (yes or no), peptic ulcer (yes or no), histamine-2 receptor antagonists use (yes or no), and anticoagulants/antiplatelets (yes or no)
  4. Multicollinearity assumption in the final model was checked using variance inflation factor (VIF) values and no violation was found (all VIFs < 4)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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