Table 4 Associations of the intensity of maternal cigarette smoking in the first trimester with birth congenital anomalies
Number of cigarettes consumed per day | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1–5 | 6–10 | ≥ 11 | |
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | ||||
n (/10000) | 1314 (1.16) | 39 (1.41) | 69 (2.05) | 46 (1.97) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.76–1.46) | 1.42 (1.10–1.83) | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) |
P value | 0.7408 | 0.0063 | 0.0647 | |
Gastroschisis | ||||
n (/10000) | 2263 (2.00) | 149 (5.40) | 179 (5.31) | 129 (5.53) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.48 (1.25–1.75) | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.46 (1.22–1.76) |
P value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
Limb reduction defect | ||||
n (/10000) | 1433 (1.27) | 59 (2.14) | 92 (2.73) | 71 (3.04) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.35 (1.03–1.76) | 1.63 (1.31–2.03) | 1.77 (1.38–2.27) |
P value | 0.0287 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | ||||
n (/10000) | 5660 (5.01) | 208 (7.54) | 268 (7.95) | 209 (8.96) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.10–1.45) | 1.21 (1.07–1.38) | 1.33 (1.15–1.53) |
P value | 0.0012 | 0.0028 | 0.0001 | |
Cleft palate alone | ||||
n (/10000) | 2554 (2.26) | 108 (3.91) | 175 (5.19) | 130 (5.58) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.39 (1.14–1.69) | 1.66 (1.41–1.95) | 1.73 (1.44–2.08) |
P value | 0.0010 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
Hypospadias* | ||||
n (/10000) | 6910 (11.96) | 179 (12.68) | 285 (16.51) | 182 (15.23) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) |
P value | 0.9344 | 0.0011 | 0.1489 | |
Any outcome⁑ | ||||
n (/10000) | 19562 (17.32) | 726 (26.31) | 1029 (30.52) | 727 (31.18) |
RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.14–1.33) | 1.33 (1.24–1.42) | 1.33 (1.23–1.43) |
P value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |