Table 1 Univariable and multivariable analyses of OS in the EHSH cohort

Age (≥ 65 vs. < 65)

0.67 (0.37–1.23)

0.20

Sex (male vs. female)

0.73 (0.41–1.31)

0.29

Anatomic site

< 0.001

0.70

0.98

 Extrahepatic CCA vs. GBC

0.22 (0.10–0.49)

< 0.001

0.66 (0.22–1.93)

0.45

1.10 (0.36–3.34)

0.87

 Intrahepatic CCA vs. GBC

0.38 (0.17–0.86)

0.021

0.72 (0.26–1.96)

0.52

1.08 (0.39–3.03)

0.88

 GBC (dummy variable)

Smoking (smoker vs. non-smoker)

1.24 (0.67–2.31)

0.49

TNM stage (III/IV vs. I/II)

5.55 (2.96–10.41)

< 0.001

3.92 (1.22–12.59)

0.021

3.80 (1.17–12.39)

0.027

Resection margin (R0 vs. R1/R2)

0.28 (0.15–0.53)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.24–0.96)

0.038

0.43 (0.22–0.86)

0.016

Histological grade (> G2 vs. ≤ G2)

2.86 (1.50–5.46)

0.001

1.81 (0.84–3.90)

0.13

1.84 (0.85–4.00)

0.12

Microsatellite (unstable vs. stable)

1.65 (0.40–6.86)

0.49

CEA (ng/mL, > 5 vs. ≤ 5)

1.84 (1.02–3.30)

0.042

1.08 (0.53–2.18)

0.84

1.38 (0.70–2.73)

0.35

CA199 (U/mL, > 40 vs. ≤ 40)

0.74 (0.40–1.37)

0.33

AFP (ng/mL, > 20 vs. ≤ 20)

0.30 (0.04–2.18)

0.23

Tumor purity (continuous variable)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.93

Cluster-based risk (low vs. high)

0.09 (0.01–0.65)

0.017

0.13 (0.02–0.96)

0.045

LASSO-based risk (low vs. high)

0.21 (0.10–0.43)

< 0.001

0.26 (0.11–0.59)

0.001