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Table 2 Associations between consumption of ultra-processed food and incident type 2 diabetes

From: Ultra-processed food and incident type 2 diabetes: studying the underlying consumption patterns to unravel the health effects of this heterogeneous food category in the prospective Lifelines cohort

 

Quartiles of ultra-processed food consumption

   
 

First

Second

Third

Fourth

P-trend

Continuousa

P value

Cases/population

255/17,604

247/17,606

272/17,605

354/17,606

 

1128/70,421

 

Incidence, %

1.4

1.4

1.5

2.0

 

1.6

 

Model 1b

1

1.11 (0.93, 1.33)

1.39 (1.17, 1.65)

2.17 (1.83, 2.58)

< 0.001

1.33 (1.26, 1.41)

< 0.001

Model 2c

1

1.08 (0.90, 1.30)

1.30 (1.07, 1.57)

1.87 (1.52, 2.30)

< 0.001

1.27 (1.18, 1.36)

< 0.001

Model 3d

1

1.08 (0.90, 1.30)

1.28 (1.06, 1.55)

1.80 (1.47, 2.20)

< 0.001

1.25 (1.16, 1.34)

< 0.001

Model 4e

1

1.04 (0.87, 1.26)

1.20 (0.99, 1.45)

1.56 (1.27, 1.92)

< 0.001

1.17 (1.09, 1.26)

< 0.001

  1. aContinuous model indicates OR (95% CI) for an absolute increment of 10% consumption of ultra-processed food in the total diet
  2. bModel 1: OR (95% CI) derived from multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex, n = 70,421
  3. cModel 2: OR (95% CI) derived from multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for Model 1 covariates plus Lifelines diet score, total energy intake, and alcohol intake, n = 70,421
  4. dModel 3: OR (95% CI) derived from multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus smoking status, educational level, non-occupational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level, and TV watching time, n = 70,418
  5. eModel 4: OR (95% CI) derived from multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for Model 3 covariates plus BMI, n = 70,403