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Fig. 4 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 4

From: Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Fig. 4

RNA-Seq was used to profile gene expression in peripheral whole blood samples collected from COVID-19 convalescents at 12, 16, and 24 weeks post-infection (w.p.i.) and from healthy controls (HC). A–C Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of RNA-Seq gene expression data at 12, 16, and 24 w.p.i. compared to HC. D The number of differentially expressed (DE) genes (FDR < 0.05 and fold change > 1.25-fold) identified at each timepoint. E Heatmap showing the expression of DE genes in each sample. Data were adjusted for sex and batch effects prior to MDS analysis and visualisation of the heatmap. F–G Selected REACTOME pathways enriched among F upregulated and G downregulated genes at each timepoint. See Table S4 for all enriched pathways. H–L The expression of selected genes in convalescents at 12, 16, and 24 w.p.i. compared to HC. Statistical significance comparing all convalescents to HC was assessed in (H–L) using EdgeR. P values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. ns = non-significant. * FDR < 0.05, ** FDR < 0.01, *** FDR < 0.001

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