Table 1 Overall characteristics of meta-analyses included in the umbrella review
Author/Year | Country | Exposure (including dose of exposure) | No. of included studies | Cohort | Case control | Pooled study | Effects model | No. of participants/no. of cases | MA metric | Comparison | Range/amount | Quality appraisal tool | Information on funding | Conflict of interests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alizadeh 2017 [64] | Iran | Healthy dietary pattern | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | fixed | 51,709/1327 | OR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | NA | No |
Unhealthy/western pattern | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 51,709/1327 | OR | ||||||||
Drinking pattern | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 47,705/554 | OR | ||||||||
Bai 2013 [65] | China | Fish | 15 | 3 | 12 | 0 | fixed | 608,753/9324 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | No | No |
Boyle 2014 [66] | France | Sweetened carbonated beverage | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | random | NA/NA | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | Yes | No |
Cheng 2011 [67] | China | Beer | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | fixed | NA/5538 | OR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | NA | NA |
Wine | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | random | NA/5538 | OR | |||||||
Spirits | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | random | NA/6393 | OR | |||||||
Clasen 2020 [68] | UK | Riboflavin | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Bayesian | 39,789/1971 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | Yes | No |
Vitamin B6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 164,883/2407 | RR | ||||||||
Folate | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 136,319/3166 | RR | ||||||||
Vitamin B12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 127,390/1578 | RR | ||||||||
Methionine | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 125,094/436 | RR | ||||||||
Choline | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 125,094/436 | RR | ||||||||
Betaine | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 125,094/436 | RR | ||||||||
Faramawi 2007 [15] | USA | All meat | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | fixed | 15,237/4835 | OR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | NA | NA |
Hu 2013 [69] | China | Tea | 12 | 2 | 10 | 0 | random | 1,571,852/6636 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | Yes | NA |
Huang 2014 [70] | China | Fruit fiber | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | random | 496,292/2906 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | NA | No |
Vegetable fiber | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 496292/2906 | RR | ||||||||
Cereal fiber | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 496,292/2906 | RR | ||||||||
Legume fiber | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 491,841/1816 | RR | ||||||||
Jayedi 2018 [71] | Iran | Dietary Inflammatory Index | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | random | 36,118/1030 | RR | Dose-response | 1-unit increment | NOS | No | No |
Jia 2015 [72] | China | Vitamin C | 10 | 3 | 7 | 0 | fixed | 274,864/5182 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | NA | No |
Lee 2008 [16] | USA | Total fat | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | random | 774,952/1478 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | YES | NA |
Saturated fat | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 774,952/1478 | RR | ||||||||
Monounsaturated fat | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 774952/1478 | RR | ||||||||
Polyunsaturated fat | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 774952/1478 | RR | ||||||||
Animal fat | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 417,093/900 | RR | ||||||||
Plant fat | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 417,093/900 | RR | ||||||||
Cholesterol | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 774,952/1478 | RR | ||||||||
Total protein | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 774,952/1478 | RR | ||||||||
Animal protein | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 530,410/1019 | RR | ||||||||
Plant protein | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 530,410/1019 | RR | ||||||||
Poultry | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | NA/1407 | RR | ||||||||
Seafood | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | NA/1375 | RR | ||||||||
Llaha 2021 [73] | Spain | Sweet beverages (include ASB and SSB) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | random | 143,194/1589 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | ROBINS-E NOS | Yes | No |
Shen 2015 [74] | China | Vitamin E | 13 | 6 | 7 | 0 | NA | 471,006/6944 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NA | Yes | No |
Wijarnpreecha 2017 [75] | USA | Coffee | 22 | 6 | 16 | 0 | random | 1,991,863/NA | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | No | No |
Wu 2020 [76] | China | Vitamin D | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | fixed | 187,560/NA | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | NA | No |
Xie 2016 [77] | China | Dietary nitrate | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | random | NA/NA | RR | high vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NO | NA | No |
Dietary nitrite | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | fixed | NA/NA | RR | |||||||
Xu 2019 [78] | China | Dietary fiber | 7 | 2 | 5 | 0 | random | 942,582/6590 | RR | high vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | Yes | No |
Glycemic index | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 502,119/4281 | RR | ||||||||
Glycemic load | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 502119/4281 | RR | ||||||||
Xu 2015 [79] | China | Alcohol (light) | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | random | 3,720,850/5214 | RR | Light | <12.5 g/day (<1 drink/day) | NOS | Yes | No |
Alcohol (moderate) | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 4,139,301/5364 | RR | Moderate | 12.5–37.5 g/day (2–3 drinks/day) | ||||||
Alcohol (heavy) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2,065,995/363 | RR | Heavy | >37.5 g/day (>3 drinks/day) | ||||||
| Â | Â | Alcohol (any) | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | Â | 4,867,646/5503 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | Â | Â | Â |
Zhang 2017 [80] | China | Vegetables | 16 | 2 | 13 | 1 | random | 1,365,634/9353 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | NA | No |
Fruits | 17 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 1,398,778/9150 | RR | ||||||||
Zhang 2017 [17] | China | Red meat | 19 | 4 | 14 | 1 | random | 1,826,171/12631 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence vs lower adherence | NOS | NA | No |
Processed meat | 19 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 1,793,675/14240 | RR | ||||||||
Zhao 2013 [81] | China | Cruciferous Vegetables | 12 | 6 | 6 | 0 | random | 1,228,518/5773 | RR | High vs low | Higher adherence v lower adherence | NOS | No | No |
WCRF 2013 [87] | UK | Fruit and non-starchy vegetables | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | random | 756,544/1215 | RR | Dose-response | Per 100 g/d | NA | Yes | NA |
Non-starchy vegetables | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1,248,385/3031 | Dose-response | Per 100 g/d | |||||||
Tomatoes | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA/427 | Dose-response | Per 50 g/d | |||||||
Citrus fruit | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | NA/2735 | Dose-response | Per 50 g/d | |||||||
Total fat | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Saturated fat | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Monounsaturated fat | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Polyunsaturated fat | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Total protein | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Animal protein | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Plant protein | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1,210,245/1985 | Dose-response | 5% energy | |||||||
Alpha-carotene | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 284,501/787 | Dose-response | Per 600 μg/d | |||||||
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 284,501/787 | Dose-response | Per 100 μg/d | |||||||
Lutein and zeaxanthin | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 284,501/787 | Dose-response | Per 1000 μg/d | |||||||
Lycopene | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 284,501/787 | Dose-response | Per 4000 μg/d | |||||||
Total calcium (food and supplements) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA/1711 | Dose-response | Per 200 mg/d | |||||||
Dietary calcium | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA/1574 | Dose-response | Per 200 mg/d | |||||||
Calcium from supplements | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA/1482 | High vs low | Higher adherence v lower adherence |