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Table 3 Age, sex and baseline CVRD status-adjusted risk estimates and population attributable fractions (PAR) for non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors of MARCE in type 2 diabetes

From: Lifetime risk of cardiovascular-renal disease in type 2 diabetes: a population-based study in 473,399 individuals

Risk factors

Category

OR (95%CI)

Estimated risk

ARE

% of events (Pe)

PAR

Non-modifiable

      

Age

< 45

1

0.030

 

11.1

 
 

45–54

1.55 (1.49, 1.61)

0.045

0.345

17.5

0.060

 

55–64

2.47 (2.38, 2.55)

0.070

0.577

23.4

0.135

 

65–74

4.35 (4.20, 4.50)

0.118

0.747

24.3

0.181

 

75–84

7.75 (7.47, 8.03)

0.192

0.845

17.8

0.150

 

85+

9.79 (9.38, 10.21)

0.231

0.871

5.9

0.052

Sex

Female

1

0.514

 

45.7

 
 

Male

1.20 (1.18, 1.23)

0.559

0.082

54.3

0.044

Modifiable

      

Comorbidities

CVRD free

1

0.045

 

58.5

 
 

HF only

4.60 (4.20, 5.04)

0.177

0.748

1.1

0.008

 

CKD only

2.86 (2.76, 2.96)

0.118

0.621

7.4

0.046

 

MI only

4.29 (3.79, 4.85)

0.167

0.733

0.6

0.004

 

Stroke only

2.17 (2.06, 2.28)

0.092

0.515

3.6

0.019

 

PAD only

3.81 (3.54, 4.10)

0.151

0.704

1.2

0.009

 

Multiple CVRD

4.69 (4.58, 4.79)

0.180

0.751

27.6

0.207

BMI

Normal (20–24)

1

0.124

 

12.7

 
 

Under weight (< 20)

0.96 (0.88, 1.04)

0.120

-0.039

1.6

-0.001

 

Over weight (25–29)

0.99 (0.96, 1.03)

0.123

-0.005

31.6

-0.002

 

Obese (30–39)

1.12 (1.09, 1.16)

0.137

0.096

43.3

0.042

 

Severely obese (40+)

1.49 (1.42, 1.56)

0.174

0.287

10.8

0.031

Smoking

Never

1

0.129

 

19.7

 
 

Former

1.03 (1.00, 1.06)

0.132

0.026

46.3

0.012

 

Current

1.15 (1.12, 1.19)

0.146

0.117

34.0

0.040

HbA1c

< 7%

1

0.109

 

50.8

 
 

7–10%

1.45 (1.42, 1.48)

0.150

0.276

40.9

0.113

 

10%

1.96 (1.88, 2.04)

0.192

0.436

8.3

0.036

Hypertension

SBP < 150 and DBP < 100

1

0.134

 

83.3

 
 

SBP > 150 or DBP > 100

1.24 (1.21, 1.27)

0.161

0.167

16.7

0.028

High cholesterol

HDL ≥1 and LDL ≤3 and triglyceride ≤2.3

1

0.127

 

38.4

 
 

HDL ≤1 or LDL ≥3 or triglyceride ≥2.3

1.10 (1.08, 1.13)

0.139

0.083

61.6

0.051

Physical activity

Inactive

2.19 (2.07, 2.32)

0.140

0.506

43.0

0.217

 

Moderately inactive

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

0.069

0.005

9.1

0.000

 

Moderately active

1.49 (1.41, 1.58)

0.100

0.307

36.0

0.110

 

Active

1

0.069

 

12.0

 

Overall cardiovascular health*

Ideal

1

0.080

 

1.0

 

≥1 risk factor

1.84 (1.72, 1.97)

0.138

0.419

99.0

0.415

  1. *Risk factors: BMI ≥30, current smoker, HbA1c ≥7%, hypertension, high cholesterol, inactive. Each multivariable logistic model adjusted for age, sex and baseline cardio-renal status. ARE = (Re − Ru)/Re, where Re is the estimated risk of the outcome in the exposed and Ru is the estimated risk in the unexposed groups. PAR=ARE*proportion of exposed in the population (Pe). Abbreviations: ARE attributable risk among the exposed, BMI body mass index, CVRD cardiovascular and renal diseases, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HF heart failure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, CKD chronic kidney disease, HDL low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, SBP systolic blood pressure, PAR population attributable risk, PAD peripheral artery disease