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Table 3 Effect of the selfBACK system on RMDQ and other core outcomes, stratified by number of co-occurring MSK pain sites

From: Multimorbidity and co-occurring musculoskeletal pain do not modify the effect of the selfBACK app on low back pain-related disability

Outcome

0–1 co-occurring pain sites (LBP + ≤1 MSK pain site)

2+ co-occurring pain sites (LBP + ≥ 2 MSK pain sites)

Mean (SD)a

Mean (SD)a

 

Usual care (n = 89)

selfBACK (n = 101)

Adjustedb mean difference (95% CI)

Usual care (n = 140)

selfBACK (n = 131)

Adjustedb mean difference (95% CI)

Pinteraction

RMDQ (0–24)

 Baseline

10.2 (4.4)

 

10.6 (4.4)

  

 3 months

6.8 (5.0)

6.2 (4.5)

− 0.4 (− 1.6 to 0.7)

7.8 (5.6)

7.0 (4.9)

− 0.9 (− 1.9 to 0.0)

0.57

 9 months

6.1 (5.1)

5.1 (4.5)

− 0.8 (− 2.0 to 0.4)

7.3 (5.8)

6.7 (5.7)

− 0.7 (− 1.7 to 0.3)

0.82

EQ-5D (0–1)

 Baseline

0.71 (0.15)

 

0.70 (0.11)

  

 3 months

0.76 (0.13)

0.78 (0.12)

0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.04)

0.73 (0.13)

0.74 (0.11)

0.02 (− 0.01 to 0.04)

0.71

 9 months

0.78 (0.15)

0.80 (0.12)

0.02 (− 0.02 to 0.05)

0.74 (0.13)

0.77 (0.13)

0.03 (− 0.00 to 0.05)

0.71

PSS (0–40)

 Baseline

13.8 (6.5)

 

15.6 (7.0)

  

 3 months

13.4 (6.7)

12.3 (6.4)

− 0.7 (− 2.2 to 0.8)

15.7 (7.3)

15.0 (7.3)

− 0.7 (− 1.9 to 0.5)

0.98

 9 months

12.4 (6.6)

10.9 (6.6)

− 1.2 (− 2.8 to 0.4)

14.7 (7.3)

13.4 (7.3)

− 1.3 (− 2.6 to − 0.0)

0.88

PHQ-8 (0–24)

 Baseline

5.5 (4.0)

 

7.0 (4.5)

  

 3 months

5.0 (3.9)

4.7 (3.7)

− 0.2 (− 1.1 to 0.7)

7.0 (4.9)

6.5 (4.9)

− 0.5 (− 1.3 to 0.3)

0.62

 9 months

4.7 (4.9)

4.1 (3.7)

− 0.3 (− 1.3 to 0.6)

6.6 (4.8)

5.8 (4.6)

− 0.9 (− 1.7 to − 0.0)

0.43

General health (0–100)

 Baseline

68.7 (15.4)

 

64.4 (17.0)

  

  3 months

71.3 (18.4)

71.6 (17.3)

− 0.0 (− 4.2 to 4.2)

70.0 (16.9)

70.5 (16.6)

0.8 (− 2.9 to 4.4)

0.73

 9 months

72.9 (18.3)

77.1 (14.7)

3.6 (− 0.8 to 8.1)

71.1 (17.7)

70.7 (17.0)

0.0 (− 3.8 to 3.9)

0.27

BIPQ (0–80)

 Baseline

43.5 (11.3)

 

44.4 (10.5)

  

 3 months

39.8 (13.9)

35.9 (14.1)

− 3.7 (− 6.6 to − 0.8)

40.8 (13.3)

35.7 (14.3)

− 5.3 (− 7.7 to − 2.8)

0.41

 9 months

37.9 (16.3)

32.8 (13.7)

− 4.8 (− 7.8 to − 1.8)

38.1 (14.0)

35.1 (15.8)

− 3.2 (− 5.7 to − 0.7)

0.45

PSEQ (0–60)

 Baseline

45.2 (10.9)

 

43.3 (11.1)

  

 3 months

47.2 (11.4)

50.0 (9.1)

2.4 (0.2 to 4.7)

46.1 (11.0)

48.6 (10.5)

2.5 (0.6 to 4.5)

0.99

 9 months

47.8 (10.9)

51.9 (8.3)

3.7 (1.3 to 6.1)

46.3 (11.1)

49.0 (10.4)

2.8 (0.8 to 4.9)

0.57

GPE (− 5 to 5)

      

 3 months

1.4 (2.1)

2.0 (2.0)

0.7 (0.1 to 1.3)

1.2 (1.8)

1.9 (1.8)

0.7 (0.2 to 1.2)

0.85

 9 months

1.5 (2.2)

2.5 (1.9)

1.1 (0.5 to 1.7)

1.3 (2.2)

1.9 (2.1)

0.6 (0.1 to 1.1)

0.26

 

Odds ratio

PA

 Baseline

–

–

 

–

–

  

 3 months

1.03

0.83

0.82 (0.47 to 1.43)

0.96

0.85

0.89 (0.55 to 1.44)

0.80

 9 months

0.78

0.82

1.09 (0.61 to 1.97)

1.09

1.37

1.29 (0.75 to 2.21)

0.65

  1. Abbreviations: RMDQ Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, MSK musculoskeletal, LBP low back pain, SD standard deviation, EQ-5D health-related quality of life, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, PHQ-8 Patient Health Questionnaire-8, BIPQ The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, PSEQ Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, GPE Patient’s Global Perceived Effect, PA physical activity
  2. aMarginal means from a crude linear mixed model, and SDs from raw data among persons with information at the specific time points
  3. bAdjusted for country, recruiting clinician, education (< 10, 10–12, > 12 years), pain duration at baseline (≤ 4, 5–12, > 12 weeks), pain intensity as baseline (0–10 scale), sex (female vs male), and age (years)
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