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Table 2 Association between the types of diet and cancer incidence for models 0 and 4

From: Association of meat, vegetarian, pescatarian and fish-poultry diets with risk of 19 cancer sites and all cancer: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study and meta-analysis

Cancer site, model 0 (unadjusted)

Total

Events

Meat-eaters, ref.

Events

Vegan and vegetarian, HR 95% CI

P value

Events

Pescatarian, HR 95% CI

P value

Events

Fish and poultry, HR 95% CI

P value

Overall

409,110

38,042

1.00 (ref.)

463

0.64 (0.58; 0.70)

< 0.001

686

0.73 (0.67; 0.78)

< 0.001

405

0.89 (0.81; 0.99)

0.024

Head and neck

409,110

848

1.00 (ref.)

12

0.76 (0.43; 1.34)

0.341

21

1.01 (0.66; 1.56)

0.960

9

0.89 (0.46; 1.73)

0.740

Oesophagus

409,110

1,010

1.00 (ref.)

11

0.59 (0.32; 1.06)

0.077

7

0.28 (0.13; 0.60)

0.001

13

1.09 (0.63; 1.88)

0.764

Stomach

409,110

775

1.00 (ref.)

8

0.55 (0.28; 1.11)

0.096

11

0.58 (0.32; 1.05)

0.072

7

0.76 (0.36; 1.60)

0.472

Colorectal

409,110

4679

1.00 (ref.)

43

0.49 (0.36; 0.66)

< 0.001

75

0.65 (0.52; 0.82)

< 0.001

42

0.76 (0.56; 1.02)

0.070

Colon

409,110

3340

1.00 (ref.)

29

0.46 (0.32; 0.67)

< 0.001

52

0.64 (0.48; 0.84)

0.001

29

0.73 (0.51; 1.05)

0.093

Proximal

409,110

1680

1.00 (ref.)

9

0.29 (0.15; 0.55)

< 0.001

29

0.70 (0.49; 1.02)

0.061

15

0.75 (0.45; 1.25)

0.272

Distal

409,110

1444

1.00 (ref.)

17

0.63 (0.39; 1.02)

0.059

18

0.51 (0.32; 0.81)

0.004

15

0.88 (0.53; 1.46)

0.608

Rectum

409,110

2045

1.00 (ref.)

18

0.47 (0.30; 0.75)

0.001

35

0.70 (0.50; 0.98)

0.035

24

0.99 (0.66; 1.48)

0.957

Pancreas

409,110

1133

1.00 (ref.)

9

0.43 (0.22; 0.82)

0.011

21

0.76 (0.49; 1.17)

0.207

6

0.45 (0.20; 1.00)

0.049

Lung

409,110

3306

1.00 (ref.)

27

0.44 (0.30; 0.64)

< 0.001

46

0.57 (0.42; 0.76)

< 0.001

28

0.71 (0.49; 1.03)

0.075

Melanoma

409,110

1979

1.00 (ref.)

19

0.51 (0.33; 0.81)

0.004

28

0.58 (0.40; 0.84)

0.004

17

0.72 (0.45; 1.17)

0.184

Breast

218,391

6901

1.00 (ref.)

138

0.85 (0.72; 1.01)

0.065

195

0.85 (0.73; 0.98)

0.022

127

1.08 (0.91; 1.29)

0.375

Premenopausal

54,775

1776

1.00 (ref.)

50

1.02 (0.77; 1.36)

0.872

52

0.81 (0.61; 1.07)

0.136

22

0.93 (0.61; 1.41)

0.726

Postmenopausal

130,625

3668

1.00 (ref.)

71

0.86 (0.68; 1.09)

0.211

114

0.89 (0.74; 1.07)

0.210

79

1.05 (0.84; 1.31)

0.678

Uterine

218,391

1132

1.00 (Ref.)

23

0.87 (0.58; 1.31)

0.509

30

0.80 (0.55; 1.14)

0.216

18

0.94 (0.59; 1.49)

0.777

Ovary

218,391

870

1.00 (ref.)

19

0.94 (0.59; 1.47)

0.772

28

0.97 (0.66; 1.41)

0.859

18

1.22 (0.76; 1.94)

0.409

Prostate

190,543

7492

1.00 (ref.)

47

0.46 (0.35; 0.61)

< 0.001

82

0.74 (0.59; 0.92)

0.006

41

0.88 (0.65; 1.20)

0.422

Kidney

409,110

1227

1.00 (ref.)

12

0.52 (0.30; 0.93)

0.026

17

0.57 (0.35; 0.91)

0.020

12

0.82 (0.47; 1.46)

0.505

Bladder

409,110

2054

1.00 (ref.)

18

0.47 (0.30; 0.75)

0.001

35

0.70 (0.50; 0.97)

0.033

16

0.66 (0.40; 1.07)

0.093

Brain

409,110

760

1.00 (ref.)

8

0.56 (0.28; 1.13)

0.107

12

0.64 (0.36; 1.14)

0.131

10

1.11 (0.59; 2.07)

0.745

Haematological

409,110

3,583

1.00 (ref.)

47

0.70 (0.53; 0.94)

0.016

66

0.75 (0.59; 0.96)

0.021

38

0.89 (0.65; 1.23)

0.490

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

409,110

1744

1.00 (ref.)

21

0.65 (0.42; 0.99)

0.046

27

0.63 (0.43; 0.92)

0.018

19

0.92 (0.58; 1.44)

0.712

Multiple myeloma

409,110

921

1.00 (ref.)

13

0.76 (0.44; 1.31)

0.319

21

0.93 (0.60; 1.43)

0.745

11

1.01 (0.56; 1.82)

0.983

Leukaemia

409,110

1116

1.00 (ref.)

16

0.77 (0.47; 1.26)

0.295

25

0.91 (0.62; 1.36)

0.658

11

0.83 (0.46; 1.50)

0.541

Model 4 (fully adjusted)

 Overall

409,110

38,042

1.00 (ref.)

463

0.87 (0.79; 0.96)

0.004

686

0.93 (0.87; 1.00)

0.047

405

0.99 (0.90; 1.09)

0.845

 Head and neck

409,110

848

1.00 (ref.)

12

0.94 (0.53; 1.66)

0.824

21

1.23 (0.80; 1.91)

0.344

9

1.05 (0.54; 2.03)

0.889

 Oesophagus

409,110

1010

1.00 (ref.)

11

1.13 (0.62; 2.06)

0.679

7

0.51 (0.24; 1.07)

0.075

13

1.64 (0.95; 2.85)

0.076

 Stomach

409,110

775

1.00 (ref.)

8

0.94 (0.47; 1.90)

0.870

11

0.99 (0.54; 1.80)

0.967

7

1.08 (0.51; 2.28)

0.836

 Colorectal

409,110

4679

1.00 (ref.)

43

0.73 (0.54; 0.99)

0.042

75

0.90 (0.71; 1.14)

0.355

42

0.89 (0.66; 1.21)

0.468

 Colon

409,110

3340

1.00 (ref.)

29

0.69 (0.48; 0.99)

0.046

52

0.87 (0.66; 1.15)

0.321

29

0.84 (0.59; 1.22)

0.367

 Proximal

409,110

1680

1.00 (ref.)

9

0.43 (0.22; 0.82)

0.011

29

0.96 (0.67; 1.39)

0.847

15

0.84 (0.51; 1.41)

0.515

 Distal

409,110

1444

1.00 (ref.)

17

0.94 (0.58; 1.51)

0.784

18

0.70 (0.44; 1.12)

0.141

15

1.07 (0.64; 1.78)

0.805

 Rectum

409,110

2045

1.00 (ref.)

18

0.72 (0.45; 1.15)

0.163

35

0.98 (0.70; 1.37)

0.904

24

1.25 (0.83; 1.86)

0.287

 Pancreas

409,110

1133

1.00 (ref.)

9

0.65 (0.34; 1.26)

0.204

21

1.08 (0.70; 1.66)

0.741

6

0.52 (0.23; 1.15)

0.108

 Lung

409,110

3306

1.00 (ref.)

27

0.76 (0.52; 1.11)

0.150

46

0.86 (0.64; 1.15)

0.300

28

0.81 (0.56; 1.18)

0.282

 Melanoma

409,110

1979

1.00 (ref.)

19

0.68 (0.43; 1.07)

0.096

28

0.68 (0.47; 0.98)

0.041

17

0.80 (0.50; 1.29)

0.364

 Breast

218,391

6895

1.00 (ref.)

138

0.95 (0.80; 1.13)

0.555

194

0.90 (0.78; 1.04)

0.153

127

1.11 (0.93; 1.32)

0.243

 Premenopausal

54,775

1776

1.00 (ref.)

50

1.00 (0.75; 1.33)

0.970

52

0.78 (0.59; 1.03)

0.082

22

0.91 (0.60; 1.39)

0.657

 Postmenopausal

130,625

3668

1.00 (ref.)

71

0.92 (0.73; 1.16)

0.300

113

0.91 (0.75; 1.10)

0.186

79

1.06 (0.85; 1.33)

0.604

 Uterine

218,391

1131

1.00 (ref.)

23

1.15 (0.76; 1.74)

0.522

30

1.09 (0.75; 1.56)

0.655

18

1.07 (0.67; 1.71)

0.764

 Ovary

218,391

870

1.00 (ref.)

19

1.14 (0.72; 1.80)

0.583

28

1.07 (0.73; 1.57)

0.716

18

1.20 (0.75; 1.91)

0.455

 Prostate

190,543

7492

1.00 (ref.)

47

0.57 (0.43; 0.76)

< 0.001

82

0.89 (0.71; 1.11)

0.280

41

0.87 (0.64; 1.18)

0.373

 Kidney

409,110

1227

1.00 (ref.)

12

0.88 (0.50; 1.56)

0.662

17

0.93 (0.57; 1.50)

0.765

12

1.14 (0.64; 2.02)

0.652

 Bladder

409,110

2054

1.00 (ref.)

18

0.91 (0.57; 1.45)

0.685

35

1.25 (0.89; 1.75)

0.196

16

0.99 (0.61; 1.63)

0.979

 Brain

409,110

760

1.00 (ref.)

8

0.73 (0.36; 1.47)

0.379

12

0.78 (0.44; 1.38)

0.394

10

1.25 (0.67; 2.34)

0.485

 Thyroid

409,110

287

1.00 (ref.)

8

1.37 (0.68; 2.79)

0.379

6

0.78 (0.35; 1.76)

0.551

3

0.76 (0.24; 2.38)

0.640

 Haematological

409,110

3583

1.00 (ref.)

47

0.98 (0.73; 1.31)

0.885

66

1.00 (0.78; 1.28)

0.987

38

1.01 (0.74; 1.40)

0.934

 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

409,110

1744

1.00 (ref.)

21

0.89 (0.58; 1.38)

0.612

27

0.81 (0.55; 1.19)

0.285

19

1.01 (0.64; 1.59)

0.956

 Multiple myeloma

409,110

921

1.00 (ref.)

13

0.99 (0.57; 1.72)

0.968

21

1.24 (0.80; 1.92)

0.330

11

1.13 (0.62; 2.04)

0.697

 Leukaemia

409,110

1116

1.00 (ref.)

16

1.14 (0.69; 1.87)

0.611

25

1.29 (0.87; 1.93)

0.206

11

0.99 (0.55; 1.80)

0.981

  1. Data presented as adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) by type of diet. Meat-eaters were used as the reference group
  2. Model 0 was unadjusted; model 4 included sociodemographic covariates (age, sex, deprivation and ethnicity), lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, total physical activity, fruits, and vegetables), comorbidities (presence of 43 diseases), women-reproductive factors, and body mass index; models 1, 2 and 3 are presented in Additional file 1: Table S2