Cancer site, model 0 (unadjusted) | Total | Events | Meat-eaters, ref. | Events | Vegan and vegetarian, HR 95% CI | P value | Events | Pescatarian, HR 95% CI | P value | Events | Fish and poultry, HR 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 409,110 | 38,042 | 1.00 (ref.) | 463 | 0.64 (0.58; 0.70) | < 0.001 | 686 | 0.73 (0.67; 0.78) | < 0.001 | 405 | 0.89 (0.81; 0.99) | 0.024 |
Head and neck | 409,110 | 848 | 1.00 (ref.) | 12 | 0.76 (0.43; 1.34) | 0.341 | 21 | 1.01 (0.66; 1.56) | 0.960 | 9 | 0.89 (0.46; 1.73) | 0.740 |
Oesophagus | 409,110 | 1,010 | 1.00 (ref.) | 11 | 0.59 (0.32; 1.06) | 0.077 | 7 | 0.28 (0.13; 0.60) | 0.001 | 13 | 1.09 (0.63; 1.88) | 0.764 |
Stomach | 409,110 | 775 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8 | 0.55 (0.28; 1.11) | 0.096 | 11 | 0.58 (0.32; 1.05) | 0.072 | 7 | 0.76 (0.36; 1.60) | 0.472 |
Colorectal | 409,110 | 4679 | 1.00 (ref.) | 43 | 0.49 (0.36; 0.66) | < 0.001 | 75 | 0.65 (0.52; 0.82) | < 0.001 | 42 | 0.76 (0.56; 1.02) | 0.070 |
Colon | 409,110 | 3340 | 1.00 (ref.) | 29 | 0.46 (0.32; 0.67) | < 0.001 | 52 | 0.64 (0.48; 0.84) | 0.001 | 29 | 0.73 (0.51; 1.05) | 0.093 |
Proximal | 409,110 | 1680 | 1.00 (ref.) | 9 | 0.29 (0.15; 0.55) | < 0.001 | 29 | 0.70 (0.49; 1.02) | 0.061 | 15 | 0.75 (0.45; 1.25) | 0.272 |
Distal | 409,110 | 1444 | 1.00 (ref.) | 17 | 0.63 (0.39; 1.02) | 0.059 | 18 | 0.51 (0.32; 0.81) | 0.004 | 15 | 0.88 (0.53; 1.46) | 0.608 |
Rectum | 409,110 | 2045 | 1.00 (ref.) | 18 | 0.47 (0.30; 0.75) | 0.001 | 35 | 0.70 (0.50; 0.98) | 0.035 | 24 | 0.99 (0.66; 1.48) | 0.957 |
Pancreas | 409,110 | 1133 | 1.00 (ref.) | 9 | 0.43 (0.22; 0.82) | 0.011 | 21 | 0.76 (0.49; 1.17) | 0.207 | 6 | 0.45 (0.20; 1.00) | 0.049 |
Lung | 409,110 | 3306 | 1.00 (ref.) | 27 | 0.44 (0.30; 0.64) | < 0.001 | 46 | 0.57 (0.42; 0.76) | < 0.001 | 28 | 0.71 (0.49; 1.03) | 0.075 |
Melanoma | 409,110 | 1979 | 1.00 (ref.) | 19 | 0.51 (0.33; 0.81) | 0.004 | 28 | 0.58 (0.40; 0.84) | 0.004 | 17 | 0.72 (0.45; 1.17) | 0.184 |
Breast | 218,391 | 6901 | 1.00 (ref.) | 138 | 0.85 (0.72; 1.01) | 0.065 | 195 | 0.85 (0.73; 0.98) | 0.022 | 127 | 1.08 (0.91; 1.29) | 0.375 |
Premenopausal | 54,775 | 1776 | 1.00 (ref.) | 50 | 1.02 (0.77; 1.36) | 0.872 | 52 | 0.81 (0.61; 1.07) | 0.136 | 22 | 0.93 (0.61; 1.41) | 0.726 |
Postmenopausal | 130,625 | 3668 | 1.00 (ref.) | 71 | 0.86 (0.68; 1.09) | 0.211 | 114 | 0.89 (0.74; 1.07) | 0.210 | 79 | 1.05 (0.84; 1.31) | 0.678 |
Uterine | 218,391 | 1132 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 23 | 0.87 (0.58; 1.31) | 0.509 | 30 | 0.80 (0.55; 1.14) | 0.216 | 18 | 0.94 (0.59; 1.49) | 0.777 |
Ovary | 218,391 | 870 | 1.00 (ref.) | 19 | 0.94 (0.59; 1.47) | 0.772 | 28 | 0.97 (0.66; 1.41) | 0.859 | 18 | 1.22 (0.76; 1.94) | 0.409 |
Prostate | 190,543 | 7492 | 1.00 (ref.) | 47 | 0.46 (0.35; 0.61) | < 0.001 | 82 | 0.74 (0.59; 0.92) | 0.006 | 41 | 0.88 (0.65; 1.20) | 0.422 |
Kidney | 409,110 | 1227 | 1.00 (ref.) | 12 | 0.52 (0.30; 0.93) | 0.026 | 17 | 0.57 (0.35; 0.91) | 0.020 | 12 | 0.82 (0.47; 1.46) | 0.505 |
Bladder | 409,110 | 2054 | 1.00 (ref.) | 18 | 0.47 (0.30; 0.75) | 0.001 | 35 | 0.70 (0.50; 0.97) | 0.033 | 16 | 0.66 (0.40; 1.07) | 0.093 |
Brain | 409,110 | 760 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8 | 0.56 (0.28; 1.13) | 0.107 | 12 | 0.64 (0.36; 1.14) | 0.131 | 10 | 1.11 (0.59; 2.07) | 0.745 |
Haematological | 409,110 | 3,583 | 1.00 (ref.) | 47 | 0.70 (0.53; 0.94) | 0.016 | 66 | 0.75 (0.59; 0.96) | 0.021 | 38 | 0.89 (0.65; 1.23) | 0.490 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 409,110 | 1744 | 1.00 (ref.) | 21 | 0.65 (0.42; 0.99) | 0.046 | 27 | 0.63 (0.43; 0.92) | 0.018 | 19 | 0.92 (0.58; 1.44) | 0.712 |
Multiple myeloma | 409,110 | 921 | 1.00 (ref.) | 13 | 0.76 (0.44; 1.31) | 0.319 | 21 | 0.93 (0.60; 1.43) | 0.745 | 11 | 1.01 (0.56; 1.82) | 0.983 |
Leukaemia | 409,110 | 1116 | 1.00 (ref.) | 16 | 0.77 (0.47; 1.26) | 0.295 | 25 | 0.91 (0.62; 1.36) | 0.658 | 11 | 0.83 (0.46; 1.50) | 0.541 |
Model 4 (fully adjusted) | ||||||||||||
 Overall | 409,110 | 38,042 | 1.00 (ref.) | 463 | 0.87 (0.79; 0.96) | 0.004 | 686 | 0.93 (0.87; 1.00) | 0.047 | 405 | 0.99 (0.90; 1.09) | 0.845 |
 Head and neck | 409,110 | 848 | 1.00 (ref.) | 12 | 0.94 (0.53; 1.66) | 0.824 | 21 | 1.23 (0.80; 1.91) | 0.344 | 9 | 1.05 (0.54; 2.03) | 0.889 |
 Oesophagus | 409,110 | 1010 | 1.00 (ref.) | 11 | 1.13 (0.62; 2.06) | 0.679 | 7 | 0.51 (0.24; 1.07) | 0.075 | 13 | 1.64 (0.95; 2.85) | 0.076 |
 Stomach | 409,110 | 775 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8 | 0.94 (0.47; 1.90) | 0.870 | 11 | 0.99 (0.54; 1.80) | 0.967 | 7 | 1.08 (0.51; 2.28) | 0.836 |
 Colorectal | 409,110 | 4679 | 1.00 (ref.) | 43 | 0.73 (0.54; 0.99) | 0.042 | 75 | 0.90 (0.71; 1.14) | 0.355 | 42 | 0.89 (0.66; 1.21) | 0.468 |
 Colon | 409,110 | 3340 | 1.00 (ref.) | 29 | 0.69 (0.48; 0.99) | 0.046 | 52 | 0.87 (0.66; 1.15) | 0.321 | 29 | 0.84 (0.59; 1.22) | 0.367 |
 Proximal | 409,110 | 1680 | 1.00 (ref.) | 9 | 0.43 (0.22; 0.82) | 0.011 | 29 | 0.96 (0.67; 1.39) | 0.847 | 15 | 0.84 (0.51; 1.41) | 0.515 |
 Distal | 409,110 | 1444 | 1.00 (ref.) | 17 | 0.94 (0.58; 1.51) | 0.784 | 18 | 0.70 (0.44; 1.12) | 0.141 | 15 | 1.07 (0.64; 1.78) | 0.805 |
 Rectum | 409,110 | 2045 | 1.00 (ref.) | 18 | 0.72 (0.45; 1.15) | 0.163 | 35 | 0.98 (0.70; 1.37) | 0.904 | 24 | 1.25 (0.83; 1.86) | 0.287 |
 Pancreas | 409,110 | 1133 | 1.00 (ref.) | 9 | 0.65 (0.34; 1.26) | 0.204 | 21 | 1.08 (0.70; 1.66) | 0.741 | 6 | 0.52 (0.23; 1.15) | 0.108 |
 Lung | 409,110 | 3306 | 1.00 (ref.) | 27 | 0.76 (0.52; 1.11) | 0.150 | 46 | 0.86 (0.64; 1.15) | 0.300 | 28 | 0.81 (0.56; 1.18) | 0.282 |
 Melanoma | 409,110 | 1979 | 1.00 (ref.) | 19 | 0.68 (0.43; 1.07) | 0.096 | 28 | 0.68 (0.47; 0.98) | 0.041 | 17 | 0.80 (0.50; 1.29) | 0.364 |
 Breast | 218,391 | 6895 | 1.00 (ref.) | 138 | 0.95 (0.80; 1.13) | 0.555 | 194 | 0.90 (0.78; 1.04) | 0.153 | 127 | 1.11 (0.93; 1.32) | 0.243 |
 Premenopausal | 54,775 | 1776 | 1.00 (ref.) | 50 | 1.00 (0.75; 1.33) | 0.970 | 52 | 0.78 (0.59; 1.03) | 0.082 | 22 | 0.91 (0.60; 1.39) | 0.657 |
 Postmenopausal | 130,625 | 3668 | 1.00 (ref.) | 71 | 0.92 (0.73; 1.16) | 0.300 | 113 | 0.91 (0.75; 1.10) | 0.186 | 79 | 1.06 (0.85; 1.33) | 0.604 |
 Uterine | 218,391 | 1131 | 1.00 (ref.) | 23 | 1.15 (0.76; 1.74) | 0.522 | 30 | 1.09 (0.75; 1.56) | 0.655 | 18 | 1.07 (0.67; 1.71) | 0.764 |
 Ovary | 218,391 | 870 | 1.00 (ref.) | 19 | 1.14 (0.72; 1.80) | 0.583 | 28 | 1.07 (0.73; 1.57) | 0.716 | 18 | 1.20 (0.75; 1.91) | 0.455 |
 Prostate | 190,543 | 7492 | 1.00 (ref.) | 47 | 0.57 (0.43; 0.76) | < 0.001 | 82 | 0.89 (0.71; 1.11) | 0.280 | 41 | 0.87 (0.64; 1.18) | 0.373 |
 Kidney | 409,110 | 1227 | 1.00 (ref.) | 12 | 0.88 (0.50; 1.56) | 0.662 | 17 | 0.93 (0.57; 1.50) | 0.765 | 12 | 1.14 (0.64; 2.02) | 0.652 |
 Bladder | 409,110 | 2054 | 1.00 (ref.) | 18 | 0.91 (0.57; 1.45) | 0.685 | 35 | 1.25 (0.89; 1.75) | 0.196 | 16 | 0.99 (0.61; 1.63) | 0.979 |
 Brain | 409,110 | 760 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8 | 0.73 (0.36; 1.47) | 0.379 | 12 | 0.78 (0.44; 1.38) | 0.394 | 10 | 1.25 (0.67; 2.34) | 0.485 |
 Thyroid | 409,110 | 287 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8 | 1.37 (0.68; 2.79) | 0.379 | 6 | 0.78 (0.35; 1.76) | 0.551 | 3 | 0.76 (0.24; 2.38) | 0.640 |
 Haematological | 409,110 | 3583 | 1.00 (ref.) | 47 | 0.98 (0.73; 1.31) | 0.885 | 66 | 1.00 (0.78; 1.28) | 0.987 | 38 | 1.01 (0.74; 1.40) | 0.934 |
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 409,110 | 1744 | 1.00 (ref.) | 21 | 0.89 (0.58; 1.38) | 0.612 | 27 | 0.81 (0.55; 1.19) | 0.285 | 19 | 1.01 (0.64; 1.59) | 0.956 |
 Multiple myeloma | 409,110 | 921 | 1.00 (ref.) | 13 | 0.99 (0.57; 1.72) | 0.968 | 21 | 1.24 (0.80; 1.92) | 0.330 | 11 | 1.13 (0.62; 2.04) | 0.697 |
 Leukaemia | 409,110 | 1116 | 1.00 (ref.) | 16 | 1.14 (0.69; 1.87) | 0.611 | 25 | 1.29 (0.87; 1.93) | 0.206 | 11 | 0.99 (0.55; 1.80) | 0.981 |