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Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, and dietary patterns of all subjects

From: Enhanced intestinal protein fermentation in schizophrenia

Variable

Schizophrenia (n=100)

healthy controls (n=53)

p value

Demographic characteristics

Age, means (SD)

43.11 (9.81)

48.92 (12.95)

0.005

Education year, means (SD)

7.80 (2.79)

9.34 (3.29)

0.003

Height, means (SD)

1.64 (0.07)

1.64 (0.08)

0.645

weight, means (SD)

60.53 (7.86)

65.04 (8.20)

0.001

BMI, means (SD)

22.59 (2.44)

24.11 (2.45)

<0.001

Female, No. (%)

34 (34)

21 (39.6)

0.490

Married, No. (%)

39 (39)

48 (90.6)

<0.001

Smoking, No. (%)

0

11 (20.8)

<0.001

Drinking, No. (%)

0

10 (18.9)

<0.001

Clinical characteristics

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L, means (SD)

4.26 (0.65)

4.40 (0.35)

0.252

Triglycerides, mmol/L, means (SD)

1.06 (0.83)

1.07 (0.33)

0.888

Cholesterol, mmol/L, means (SD)

3.80 (0.74)

3.77 (0.85)

0.844

Course of disease, years, means (SD)

13.35 (8.53)

NA

NA

Monotherapy , No. (%)

81 (81)

NA

NA

Equivalent dose of chlorpromazine, means (SD)

246.00 (179.51)

NA

NA

Positive syndrome score, means (SD)

17.45 (5.56)

NA

NA

Negative syndrome score, means (SD)

24.36 (7.26)

NA

NA

General syndrome score, means (SD)

39.76 (5.88)

NA

NA

PANSS total score, means (SD)

81.51 (10.95)

NA

NA

Dietary characteristics, means (SD)

Energy, kcal/day

1595.03 (106.97)

1817.25 (295.00)

<0.001

Water, g/day

982.15 (32.53)

996.84 (122.75)

0.396

Protein, g/day

58.15 (8.16)

97.57 (19.67)

<0.001

Fat, g/day

82.31 (8.52)

83.95 (26.04)

0.658

Carbohydrate, g/day

155.27 (9.74)

167.76 (20.86)

<0.001

P%

14.59 (1.9)

21.42 (2.6)

<0.001

F%

20.6 (0.9)

18.18 (2.7)

<0.001

C%

39.0 (2.2)

37.6 (6.8)

0.16

Dietary fiber, g

12.84 (1.61)

16.37 (2.65)

<0.001

Retinol equivalent, μg

788.98 (84.04)

841.69 (143.98)

0.017

Vitamin B1, mg

0.78 (0.06)

1.13 (0.27)

<0.001

Vitamin B2, mg

0.96 (0.05)

1.49 (0.42)

<0.001

Vitamin PP, mg

20.46 (2.98)

21.32 (3.98)

0.173

Vitamin E, mg

18.56 (3.95)

26.87 (8.62)

<0.001

Na, mg

1260.04 (188.79)

2118.78 (449.25)

<0.001

Ca, mg

432.72 (31.07)

543.71 (134.25)

<0.001

Fe, mg

17.75 (5.22)

25.58 (5.32)

<0.001

Vitamin C, mg

119.39 (5.48)

114.46 (8.46)

<0.001

Cholesterol, mg

471.40 (39.49)

805.65 (277.21)

<0.001