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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank Cohort

From: Risk/benefit tradeoff of habitual physical activity and air pollution on chronic pulmonary obstructive disease: findings from a large prospective cohort study

Level a

Overall

Non-COPD case

COPD case

P

Total number

266,280

259,846

6434

–

Follow-up duration (year)

10.64 (1.34)

10.65 (1.33)

10.36 (1.78)

<0.001

Age (year)

55.93 (8.08)

55.81 (8.08)

61.16 (6.50)

<0.001

Sex

 Female

136,199 (51.15)

133,445 (51.36)

2754 (42.80)

<0.001

 Male

130,081 (48.85)

126,401 (48.64)

3680 (57.20)

 

Ethnicity

 Nonwhite

11,852 (4.45)

11,682 (4.50)

170 (2.64)

<0.001

 White

254,428 (95.55)

248,164 (95.50)

6264 (97.36)

 

Household income (£)

 Less than 18,000

49,790 (18.70)

47,325 (18.21)

2465 (38.31)

<0.001

 18,000 to 30,999

65,324 (24.53)

63,385 (24.39)

1939 (30.14)

 

 31,000 to 51,999

72,779 (27.33)

71,571 (27.54)

1208 (18.78)

 

 52,000 to 100,000

61,171 (22.97)

60,482 (23.28)

689 (10.71)

 

 Greater than 100,000

17,216 (6.47)

17,083 (6.57)

133 (2.07)

 

Smoking status

 Never

157,380 (59.10)

155,431 (59.82)

1949 (30.29)

<0.001

 Previous

100,909 (37.90)

96,756 (37.24)

4153 (64.55)

 

 Current

7991 (3.00)

7659 (2.95)

332 (5.16)

 

BMI level

 Normal

87,535 (32.87)

86,085 (33.13)

1450 (22.54)

<0.001

 Underweight

1046 (0.39)

1015 (0.39)

31 (0.48)

 

 Overweight

115,818 (43.49)

113,205 (43.57)

2613 (40.61)

 

 Obese

61,881 (23.24)

59,541 (22.91)

2340 (36.37)

 

Intake alcohol

 Never

17,322 (6.51)

16,753 (6.45)

569 (8.84)

<0.001

 Occasional

54,536 (20.48)

53,073 (20.42)

1463 (22.74)

 

 Moderate

136,262 (51.17)

133,417 (51.34)

2845 (44.22)

 

 Heavy

58,160 (21.84)

56,603 (21.78)

1557 (24.20)

 

PA MET (minute)

2618.74 (2640.64)

2619.42 (2635.74)

2591.50 (2831.24)

0.40

Self-reported PA level

 Low

49,102 (18.44)

47,607 (18.32)

1495 (23.24)

<0.001

 Moderate

109,332 (41.06)

106,802 (41.10)

2530 (39.32)

 

 High

107,846 (40.50)

105,437 (40.58)

2409 (37.44)

 

Education attainment

 Any school degree

103,206 (38.76)

101,080 (38.90)

2126 (33.04)

<0.001

 College education

102,387 (38.45)

100,944 (38.85)

1443 (22.43)

 

 Vocational qualifications

16,690 (6.27)

16,082 (6.19)

608 (9.45)

 

 Other

43,997 (16.52)

41,740 (16.06)

2257 (35.08)

 

Fruit and vegetable intake

 Low

71,338 (26.79)

69,503 (26.75)

1835 (28.52)

0.007

 Moderate

138,311 (51.94)

135,051 (51.97)

3260 (50.67)

 

 High

56,631 (21.27)

55,292 (21.28)

1339 (20.81)

 

Employment status

 Paid

167,651 (62.96)

165,175 (63.57)

2476 (38.48)

<0.001

 Retired

80,759 (30.33)

77,426 (29.80)

3333 (51.80)

 

 Unpaid

17,870 (6.71)

17,245 (6.64)

625 (9.71)

 

Townsend deprivation index

− 1.63 (2.86)

− 1.65 (2.85)

− 0.92 (3.19)

<0.001

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

9.94 (1.04)

9.93 (1.04)

10.08 (1.08)

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, BMI body mass index, PA physical activity, PM2.5 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, MET metabolic equivalents
  2. aThe statistics are shown as mean [standard deviation (SD)] for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables