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Table 4 Association of an individual type of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with premenstrual disorders (PMDs)

From: Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women

 

Women, N

Cases, N (%)

PR (95% CI)a

PR (95% CI)b

Abuse

 Physical

  No

11,427

2992 (26)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

540

243 (45)

1.28 (1.16–1.42)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

 Emotional

  No

10,095

2440 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1872

795 (42)

1.44 (1.34–1.54)

1.07 (0.99–1.17)

 Sexual

  No

8725

2056 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

3242

1179 (36)

1.37 (1.29–1.46)

1.23 (1.16–1.31)

Neglect

 Physical

  No

11,051

2849 (26)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

916

386 (42)

1.22 (1.12–1.34)

0.96 (0.88–1.06)

 Emotional

  No

8609

1936 (22)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

3358

1299 (39)

1.51 (1.42–1.61)

1.29 (1.21–1.39)

Household dysfunction

 Family violence

  No

9150

2154 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2817

1081 (38)

1.38 (1.29–1.48)

1.10 (1.02–1.19)

 Parental separation or divorce

  No

7530

1795 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

4437

1440 (32)

1.16 (1.09–1.23)

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

 Substance abuse

  No

8172

1965 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

3795

1270 (33)

1.20 (1.13–1.28)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

 Incarcerated household member

  No

11,292

2971 (26)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

675

264 (39)

1.11 (1.00–1.22)

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

 Mental illness

  No

7822

1658 (21)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

4145

1577 (38)

1.50 (1.41–1.60)

1.32 (1.23–1.41)

Violence

 Community violence

  No

11,502

3027 (26)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

465

208 (45)

1.31 (1.17–1.45)

1.10 (0.99–1.23)

 Bullying

  No

9876

2370 (24)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2091

865 (41)

1.39 (1.30–1.49)

1.26 (1.18–1.35)

 Collective violence

  No

11,475

3017 (26)

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

492

218 (44)

1.42 (1.29–1.58)

1.25 (1.13–1.38)

  1. N, number; PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval
  2. aThe estimates were adjusted for age at survey, childhood deprivation, educational level, marital status, employment status, income, age at menarche, parity, alcohol intake, smoking status, and BMI
  3. bThe estimates were additionally adjusted for all other ACEs