Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 480)

 Male

50

(33.8)

178

(53.6)

<0.001

 Female

98

(66.2)

154

(46.4)

Age (year)^a

0.083

 65–69

46

(31.1)

132

(39.8)

 70–74

31

(21.0)

79

(23.8)

 75–79

40

(27.0)

60

(18.1)

 ≥ 80

31

(21.0)

61

(18.4)

 Mean (SD)

74.34

(6.36)

72.88

(6.54)

Marital status^a

0.038

 Single

10

(6.8)

26

(7.8)

 Married

80

(54.0)

215

(64.8)

 Widowed, separated

58

(39.2)

91

(27.4)

Education^a

0.005

 None

15

(10.1)

17

(5.1)

 Primary school

124

(83.8)

267

(80.4)

 Secondary school and above

9

(6.1)

48

(14.5)

 Hypertension

94

(63.5)

182

(54.8)

0.089

 Diabetes

50

(33.8)

67

(20.2)

0.002

 Dyslipidemia

44

(29.7)

70

(21.1)

0.048

 Chronic renal failure

7

(4.7)

7

(2.1)

0.142

Smoking^a

0.016

 Never

117

(79.1)

232

(69.9)

 Former

23

(15.5)

54

(16.3)

 Current

8

(5.4)

46

(13.8)

Alcohol consumption^a

0.019

 Never

110

(74.3)

208

(62.6)

 Former

25

(16.9)

66

(19.9)

 Current

13

(8.8)

58

(17.5)

Body mass index (kg/m²)^b

0.509

 Mean (SD)

23.38

(4.61)

23.09

(4.32)

 Thai-SIB 12 items (14 points)

5.93

(3.06)

1.72

(0.95)

<0.001

 Time Up and Go test (min.)

13.43

(5.45)

11.49

(4.25)

<0.001

 30-s Chair Stand^a

0.025

  Less than 5 stand in 30 s 

13

(8.8)

10

(3.0)

  ≥ 5 stand in 30 s

135

(91.2)

322

(97.0)

 The 4-Stage Balance test^a

0.123

  Did not complete all balance stage

7

(4.7)

6

(1.8)

  Complete all balance stage

141

(95.3)

326

(98.2)

 Thai Home-FAST (29 points)

6.99

(4.04)

6.29

(3.66)

0.065