|
Mean ± SEM (within groups: Wilcoxon matched pair tests)
|
P-value
|
|---|
| |
MAL ↓PA
|
MAL - ↑PA
|
INU ↓PA
|
INU - ↑PA
|
|---|
| |
Baseline
|
Month 3
|
Change
|
Baseline
|
Month 3
|
Change
|
Baseline
|
Month 3
|
Change
|
Baseline
|
Month 3
|
Change
|
|---|
|
Phyla
|
|
Actinobacteria
|
0.987 ± 0.199
|
2.057 ± 0.947
|
1.07 ± 0.834ab
|
1.433 ± 0.258
|
1.333 ± 0.302
|
− 0.1 ± 0.329b
|
2.394 ± 0.896
|
3.096 ± 0.593
|
0.702 ± 1.097ab
|
1.458 ± 0.421
|
5.234 ± 1.641 *†
|
3.776 ± 1.385a
|
0.003†
|
|
Family
|
|
Bifidobacteriaceae
|
0.397 ± 0.115
|
0.982 ± 0.489
|
0.585 ± 0.431ab
|
0.725 ± 0.138
|
0.713 ± 0.227
|
− 0.012 ± 0.257a
|
1.699 ± 0.83
|
2.33 ± 0.463
|
0.63 ± 1.034bc
|
0.565 ± 0.299
|
4.423 ± 1.445 *†
|
3.858 ± 1.462c
|
< 0.001†
|
|
Clostridiaceae
|
0.011 ± 0.007
|
0.063 ± 0.054
|
0.052 ± 0.056
|
0.909 ± 0.775
|
0.1 ± 0.042 *
|
− 0.809 ± 0.748
|
0.077 ± 0.039
|
0.056 ± 0.026
|
− 0.021 ± 0.041
|
0.066 ± 0.032
|
0.017 ± 0.015 *
|
− 0.048 ± 0.025
|
ns
|
|
Erysipelotrichaceae
|
0.935 ± 0.17
|
0.879 ± 0.189
|
− 0.056 ± 0.238
|
0.346 ± 0.112
|
0.337 ± 0.073
|
− 0.009 ± 0.103
|
0.671 ± 0.172
|
1.063 ± 0.259 *
|
0.392 ± 0.135
|
1.036 ± 0.331
|
1.717 ± 0.525
|
0.681 ± 0.316
|
0.044
|
|
Lachnospiraceae
|
19.591 ± 2.381
|
18.97 ± 2.436
|
− 0.621 ± 2.025
|
19.775 ± 1.652
|
15.669 ± 1.659 *
|
− 4.106 ± 1.452
|
18.613 ± 1.949
|
16.92 ± 1.491
|
− 1.693 ± 1.486
|
19.985 ± 1.725
|
17.657 ± 1.498
|
− 2.328 ± 1.852
|
ns
|
|
Oxalobacteraceae
|
0.066 ± 0.024
|
0.053 ± 0.017
|
− 0.013 ± 0.017a
|
0.035 ± 0.014
|
0.052 ± 0.019
|
0.017 ± 0.01b
|
0.034 ± 0.014
|
0.023 ± 0.009
|
− 0.011 ± 0.006a
|
0.03 ± 0.014
|
0.01 ± 0.006
|
− 0.019 ± 0.014a
|
0.005
|
|
Peptostreptococcaceae
|
0.106 ± 0.041
|
0.045 ± 0.028 *
|
− 0.061 ± 0.026
|
0.07 ± 0.022
|
0.609 ± 0.528
|
0.539 ± 0.531
|
0.103 ± 0.029
|
0.098 ± 0.049
|
− 0.005 ± 0.055
|
0.11 ± 0.051
|
0.051 ± 0.014
|
− 0.06 ± 0.045
|
ns
|
|
Ruminococcaceae
|
23.136 ± 1.695
|
24.655 ± 2.56
|
1.518 ± 2.27
|
19.294 ± 1.486
|
21.755 ± 1.866 *
|
2.461 ± 1.1
|
15.651 ± 1.605
|
18.408 ± 2.371
|
2.758 ± 1.828
|
15.978 ± 2.223
|
16.965 ± 1.876
|
0.986 ± 1.618
|
ns
|
|
Veillonellaceae
|
0.441 ± 0.141
|
0.311 ± 0.122
|
− 0.13 ± 0.113
|
1.526 ± 0.936
|
1.147 ± 0.478
|
− 0.38 ± 1.016
|
1.994 ± 0.921
|
2.267 ± 0.882
|
0.273 ± 0.681
|
1.544 ± 0.841
|
1.599 ± 0.63 *
|
0.055 ± 0.3
|
ns
|
|
Genus
|
|
Anaerostipes
|
0.139 ± 0.038
|
0.145 ± 0.042
|
0.007 ± 0.04
|
0.165 ± 0.056
|
0.126 ± 0.025
|
− 0.039 ± 0.065
|
0.126 ± 0.069
|
0.504 ± 0.198 *
|
0.378 ± 0.146
|
0.129 ± 0.047
|
0.639 ± 0.27 *
|
0.51 ± 0.246
|
0.046
|
|
Bifidobacterium
|
0.397 ± 0.115
|
0.982 ± 0.489
|
0.585 ± 0.431ab
|
0.725 ± 0.138
|
0.712 ± 0.227
|
− 0.013 ± 0.257a
|
1.699 ± 0.83
|
2.328 ± 0.462
|
0.629 ± 1.034bc
|
0.565 ± 0.299
|
4.423 ± 1.445 *†
|
3.859 ± 1.462c
|
< 0.001†
|
|
Catenibacterium
|
0.357 ± 0.189
|
0.129 ± 0.07
|
− 0.228 ± 0.128a
|
0.023 ± 0.022
|
0.035 ± 0.032
|
0.012 ± 0.01ab
|
0.066 ± 0.037
|
0.174 ± 0.101
|
0.108 ± 0.073b
|
0.142 ± 0.073
|
0.301 ± 0.129 *
|
0.159 ± 0.061b
|
< 0.001†
|
|
Clostridium sensu stricto
|
0.011 ± 0.007
|
0.063 ± 0.054
|
0.052 ± 0.056
|
0.909 ± 0.775
|
0.1 ± 0.042 *
|
− 0.809 ± 0.748
|
0.077 ± 0.039
|
0.056 ± 0.026
|
− 0.021 ± 0.041
|
0.066 ± 0.032
|
0.017 ± 0.015 *
|
− 0.048 ± 0.025
|
ns
|
|
Clostridium IV
|
1.923 ± 0.561
|
1.136 ± 0.342
|
− 0.787 ± 0.359b
|
1.061 ± 0.217
|
1.505 ± 0.306 *
|
0.444 ± 0.18a
|
0.586 ± 0.098
|
1.139 ± 0.4
|
0.554 ± 0.396ab
|
1.194 ± 0.297
|
1.014 ± 0.324
|
− 0.18 ± 0.393b
|
0.006
|
|
Dialister
|
0.253 ± 0.117
|
0.156 ± 0.091
|
− 0.097 ± 0.102
|
0.1 ± 0.061
|
0.092 ± 0.059
|
− 0.008 ± 0.016
|
0.072 ± 0.036
|
0.172 ± 0.069
|
0.099 ± 0.058
|
0.137 ± 0.092
|
0.263 ± 0.12 *
|
0.126 ± 0.046
|
ns
|
|
Escherichia Shigella
|
0.519 ± 0.299 *
|
0.237 ± 0.144
|
− 0.282 ± 0.163
|
0.472 ± 0.164
|
0.69 ± 0.409
|
0.218 ± 0.458
|
0.372 ± 0.155
|
0.979 ± 0.786
|
0.607 ± 0.82
|
0.708 ± 0.36
|
0.568 ± 0.293
|
− 0.14 ± 0.385
|
ns
|
|
Holdemanella
|
0.248 ± 0.079
|
0.287 ± 0.114
|
0.039 ± 0.089
|
0.071 ± 0.028
|
0.138 ± 0.057 *
|
0.067 ± 0.044
|
0.47 ± 0.173
|
0.749 ± 0.246
|
0.278 ± 0.123
|
0.734 ± 0.346
|
1.203 ± 0.5
|
0.469 ± 0.255
|
ns
|
|
Odoribacter
|
1.625 ± 0.382
|
1.26 ± 0.293
|
− 0.364 ± 0.257
|
1.386 ± 0.151
|
2.241 ± 0.535 *
|
0.856 ± 0.532
|
1.408 ± 0.223
|
1.264 ± 0.254
|
− 0.143 ± 0.208
|
1.609 ± 0.294
|
1.333 ± 0.27
|
− 0.276 ± 0.376
|
ns
|
|
Roseburia
|
3.311 ± 1.293
|
2.455 ± 0.525
|
− 0.856 ± 1.25
|
2.879 ± 0.574
|
2.305 ± 0.662
|
− 0.574 ± 0.683
|
3.197 ± 0.636
|
1.822 ± 0.631 *
|
− 1.375 ± 0.853
|
2.116 ± 0.619
|
1.151 ± 0.188
|
− 0.966 ± 0.583
|
ns
|
|
Ruminococcus
|
0.444 ± 0.188
|
1.448 ± 0.535
|
1.005 ± 0.587a
|
0.989 ± 0.424
|
1.527 ± 0.553 *
|
0.538 ± 0.383a
|
0.749 ± 0.268
|
1.159 ± 0.424
|
0.41 ± 0.237a
|
0.674 ± 0.217
|
0.272 ± 0.086
|
− 0.403 ± 0.194b
|
0.019
|
- Values refer to the relative abundances of taxa significantly regulated during the intervention. A Wilcoxon matched pair was performed for evaluating differences within groups (3 months versus baseline). Significant results for Wilcoxon test are indicated in bold, *p < 0.05, †q < 0.05 (FDR correction). A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for comparisons in the change of relative abundances during the protocol, between all groups. p-value are indicated when p < 0.05, †q < 0.05 (FDR correction). For between comparisons, a different letter was attributed when the variations between groups are significant. MAL ↓PA = placebo group: n = 11; MAL ↑PA = placebo group with increased PA: n = 19, INU ↓PA = prebiotic group: n = 16 and INU ↑PA = inulin group with increased PA: n = 13
