Characteristics | SC (n = 85) | ART (n = 88) | P | Adjusted P* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational age at scan (week) | 29.7 (28.7, 31.3) | 29.7 (29.0, 30.8) | 0.904 | - |
Estimated fetal weight (g) | 1460 (1265, 1733) | 1462 (1293, 1689) | 0.683 | - |
Placental data | ||||
 Middle cerebral artery PI | 1.98±0.31 | 1.90±0.32 | 0.080 | 0.013 |
 Umbilical artery PI | 1.04±0.17 | 1.03±0.16 | 0.565 | 0.736 |
 Cerebroplacental ratio | 1.89 (1.71, 2.12) | 1.84 (1.62, 2.05) | 0.332 | 0.080 |
 Aortic isthmus PI | 2.68±0.35 | 2.68±0.35 | 0.940 | 0.925 |
 Ductus venosus PI | 0.54 (0.45, 0.69) | 0.55 (0.47, 0.73) | 0.591 | 0.629 |
 Mean uterine artery PI | 0.85±0.21 | 0.74±0.20 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
Cardiac morphometry | ||||
 Left atrial area (mm2) | 167.99±35.70 | 166.49±30.26 | 0.767 | 0.819 |
 Right atrial area (mm2) | 173.73±31.48 | 175.14±32.53 | 0.772 | 0.608 |
 LV area (mm2) | 244.25±47.13 | 262.33±45.96 | 0.011 | 0.002 |
 RV area (mm2) | 221.14±42.60 | 236.10±38.63 | 0.016 | 0.003 |
 LVSI mid | 2.45±0.39 | 2.29±0.34 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
 LVSI base | 2.50±0.40 | 2.41±0.34 | 0.081 | 0.276 |
 RVSI mid | 2.12 (1.97, 2.41) | 2.15±0.32 | 0.229 | 0.326 |
 RVSI base | 2.11±0.28 | 2.16±0.26 | 0.229 | 0.187 |
 Relative LV wall thickness | 0.36±0.05 | 0.35±0.04 | 0.035 | 0.074 |
 Relative interventricular septal thickness | 0.37±0.06 | 0.36±0.05 | 0.134 | 0.347 |
 Relative RV wall thickness | 0.34±0.05 | 0.34±0.05 | 0.715 | 0.833 |
 Cardiothoracic ratio | 0.29 (0.27, 0.32) | 0.29±0.03 | 0.044 | 0.051 |
Systolic function | ||||
 LVEF (%) | 63.43±5.22 | 63.46±4.43 | 0.963 | 0.435 |
 RVEF (%) | 58.61±6.22 | 60.00 (55.95, 62.58) | 0.995 | 0.915 |
 Left stroke volume (ml) | 2.46±0.71 | 2.25 (1.78, 3.06) | 0.923 | 0.991 |
 Right stroke volume (ml) | 3.58 (3.01, 3.94) | 3.69±0.95 | 0.702 | 0.564 |
 Left cardiac output (ml/min) | 352.25±97.65 | 328.69 (253.64, 419.31) | 0.639 | 0.727 |
 Right cardiac output (ml/min) | 528.57 (446.15, 574.26) | 537.22±131.70 | 0.738 | 0.548 |
 Mitral ring displacement (mm) | 6.75±1.81 | 5.69 (4.49, 7.79) | 0.025 | 0.111 |
 Tricuspid ring displacement (mm) | 8.30±1.81 | 7.17 (6.25, 9.16) | 0.012 | 0.105 |
 Mitral S′ (cm/s) | 5.74±0.82 | 5.80 (5.13, 6.29) | 0.645 | 0.760 |
 Tricuspid S′ (cm/s) | 6.29 (5.71, 6.96) | 6.09 (5.71, 6.77) | 0.515 | 0.947 |
Diastolic function | ||||
 Mitral E/A | 0.72±0.08 | 0.75±0.10 | 0.050 | 0.164 |
 Tricuspid E/A | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | 0.73 (0.67, 0.80) | 0.891 | 0.668 |
 Mitral E deceleration time (ms) | 40.00 (32.00, 48.00) | 44.00 (32.00, 54.00) | 0.548 | 0.362 |
 Tricuspid E deceleration time (ms) | 28.00 (21.00, 36.00) | 29.00 (22.00, 39.50) | 0.784 | 0.806 |
 Mitral E′ (cm/s) | 5.59±0.79 | 5.84±0.86 | 0.047 | 0.046 |
 Mitral A′ (cm/s) | 8.35±1.69 | 8.19±1.64 | 0.521 | 0.334 |
 Tricuspid E′ (cm/s) | 6.77 (5.61, 8.51) | 6.68 (5.90, 8.49) | 0.824 | 0.913 |
 Tricuspid A′ (cm/s) | 11.04±1.81 | 10.88±2.42 | 0.627 | 0.652 |
 Left isovolumic relaxation time (ms) | 48.16±9.44 | 45.89±8.57 | 0.098 | 0.138 |
Global cardiac function | ||||
 Left myocardial performance index | 0.45±0.14 | 0.39 (0.31, 0.53) | 0.725 | 0.478 |
 Right myocardial performance index | 0.38±0.12 | 0.38±0.16 | 0.988 | 0.707 |
Deformation analysis | ||||
 Frame rate (fps) | 97.0 (92.0, 103.5) | 95.0 (89.3, 103.0) | 0.113 | - |
 Heart rate (bpm) | 145.1±7.1 | 144.2±6.5 | 0.379 | 0.181 |
 Systolic deformation | ||||
  LV GLS (%) | −20.65±1.88 | −19.56±1.90 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
  LV GLS rate S (s-1) | −3.58±0.39 | −3.32±0.36 | <0.001 | 0.023 |
  LV global longitudinal T2P strain (ms) | 209.60±13.92 | 214.50±14.40 | 0.024 | 0.119 |
  LV GCS (%) | −19.83±2.49 | −18.56 (−20.35, −17.20) | 0.031 | 0.260 |
  LV GCS rate S (s-1) | −3.89±0.56 | −3.70±0.54 | 0.026 | 0.195 |
  LV global circumferential T2P strain (ms) | 208.72±12.95 | 206.91±12.90 | 0.359 | 0.794 |
  RV GLS (%) | −21.58±3.64 | −20.58±3.83 | 0.083 | 0.812 |
  RV GLS rate S (s-1) | −3.41±0.76 | −3.25±0.82 | 0.210 | 0.906 |
  RV global longitudinal T2P strain (ms) | 196.00 (185.00, 217.50) | 202.33±25.47 | 0.983 | 0.410 |
 Diastolic deformation | ||||
  LV GLS rate E (s-1) | 3.22±0.47 | 3.16±0.44 | 0.383 | 0.623 |
  LV GLS rate A (s-1) | 3.85±0.57 | 3.63±0.52 | 0.010 | 0.100 |
  LV GCS rate E (s-1) | 3.53±0.51 | 3.37 (2.93, 3.72) | 0.209 | 0.993 |
  LV GCS rate A (s-1) | 3.46±0.67 | 3.17±0.59 | 0.004 | 0.165 |
  RV GLS rate E (s-1) | 3.19±1.19 | 2.78 (2.08, 3.45) | 0.203 | 0.235 |
  RV GLS rate A (s-1) | 3.60 (2.93, 4.30) | 3.78±1.32 | 0.899 | 0.936 |
 Dyssynchrony | ||||
  Longitudinal strain SDt18S (ms) | 26.41±6.59 | 27.28±6.45 | 0.380 | 0.321 |
  Circumferential strain SDt18S (ms) | 22.75 (17.62, 27.74) | 24.13±6.97 | 0.595 | 0.493 |