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Table 2 Fetal assessment of the study population

From: The association between assisted reproductive technology and cardiac remodeling in fetuses and early infants: a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

SC (n = 85)

ART (n = 88)

P

Adjusted P*

Gestational age at scan (week)

29.7 (28.7, 31.3)

29.7 (29.0, 30.8)

0.904

-

Estimated fetal weight (g)

1460 (1265, 1733)

1462 (1293, 1689)

0.683

-

Placental data

 Middle cerebral artery PI

1.98±0.31

1.90±0.32

0.080

0.013

 Umbilical artery PI

1.04±0.17

1.03±0.16

0.565

0.736

 Cerebroplacental ratio

1.89 (1.71, 2.12)

1.84 (1.62, 2.05)

0.332

0.080

 Aortic isthmus PI

2.68±0.35

2.68±0.35

0.940

0.925

 Ductus venosus PI

0.54 (0.45, 0.69)

0.55 (0.47, 0.73)

0.591

0.629

 Mean uterine artery PI

0.85±0.21

0.74±0.20

0.001

0.010

Cardiac morphometry

 Left atrial area (mm2)

167.99±35.70

166.49±30.26

0.767

0.819

 Right atrial area (mm2)

173.73±31.48

175.14±32.53

0.772

0.608

 LV area (mm2)

244.25±47.13

262.33±45.96

0.011

0.002

 RV area (mm2)

221.14±42.60

236.10±38.63

0.016

0.003

 LVSI mid

2.45±0.39

2.29±0.34

0.003

0.006

 LVSI base

2.50±0.40

2.41±0.34

0.081

0.276

 RVSI mid

2.12 (1.97, 2.41)

2.15±0.32

0.229

0.326

 RVSI base

2.11±0.28

2.16±0.26

0.229

0.187

 Relative LV wall thickness

0.36±0.05

0.35±0.04

0.035

0.074

 Relative interventricular septal thickness

0.37±0.06

0.36±0.05

0.134

0.347

 Relative RV wall thickness

0.34±0.05

0.34±0.05

0.715

0.833

 Cardiothoracic ratio

0.29 (0.27, 0.32)

0.29±0.03

0.044

0.051

Systolic function

 LVEF (%)

63.43±5.22

63.46±4.43

0.963

0.435

 RVEF (%)

58.61±6.22

60.00 (55.95, 62.58)

0.995

0.915

 Left stroke volume (ml)

2.46±0.71

2.25 (1.78, 3.06)

0.923

0.991

 Right stroke volume (ml)

3.58 (3.01, 3.94)

3.69±0.95

0.702

0.564

 Left cardiac output (ml/min)

352.25±97.65

328.69 (253.64, 419.31)

0.639

0.727

 Right cardiac output (ml/min)

528.57 (446.15, 574.26)

537.22±131.70

0.738

0.548

 Mitral ring displacement (mm)

6.75±1.81

5.69 (4.49, 7.79)

0.025

0.111

 Tricuspid ring displacement (mm)

8.30±1.81

7.17 (6.25, 9.16)

0.012

0.105

 Mitral S′ (cm/s)

5.74±0.82

5.80 (5.13, 6.29)

0.645

0.760

 Tricuspid S′ (cm/s)

6.29 (5.71, 6.96)

6.09 (5.71, 6.77)

0.515

0.947

Diastolic function

 Mitral E/A

0.72±0.08

0.75±0.10

0.050

0.164

 Tricuspid E/A

0.73 (0.68, 0.79)

0.73 (0.67, 0.80)

0.891

0.668

 Mitral E deceleration time (ms)

40.00 (32.00, 48.00)

44.00 (32.00, 54.00)

0.548

0.362

 Tricuspid E deceleration time (ms)

28.00 (21.00, 36.00)

29.00 (22.00, 39.50)

0.784

0.806

 Mitral E′ (cm/s)

5.59±0.79

5.84±0.86

0.047

0.046

 Mitral A′ (cm/s)

8.35±1.69

8.19±1.64

0.521

0.334

 Tricuspid E′ (cm/s)

6.77 (5.61, 8.51)

6.68 (5.90, 8.49)

0.824

0.913

 Tricuspid A′ (cm/s)

11.04±1.81

10.88±2.42

0.627

0.652

 Left isovolumic relaxation time (ms)

48.16±9.44

45.89±8.57

0.098

0.138

Global cardiac function

 Left myocardial performance index

0.45±0.14

0.39 (0.31, 0.53)

0.725

0.478

 Right myocardial performance index

0.38±0.12

0.38±0.16

0.988

0.707

Deformation analysis

 Frame rate (fps)

97.0 (92.0, 103.5)

95.0 (89.3, 103.0)

0.113

-

 Heart rate (bpm)

145.1±7.1

144.2±6.5

0.379

0.181

 Systolic deformation

  LV GLS (%)

−20.65±1.88

−19.56±1.90

<0.001

0.013

  LV GLS rate S (s-1)

−3.58±0.39

−3.32±0.36

<0.001

0.023

  LV global longitudinal T2P strain (ms)

209.60±13.92

214.50±14.40

0.024

0.119

  LV GCS (%)

−19.83±2.49

−18.56 (−20.35, −17.20)

0.031

0.260

  LV GCS rate S (s-1)

−3.89±0.56

−3.70±0.54

0.026

0.195

  LV global circumferential T2P strain (ms)

208.72±12.95

206.91±12.90

0.359

0.794

  RV GLS (%)

−21.58±3.64

−20.58±3.83

0.083

0.812

  RV GLS rate S (s-1)

−3.41±0.76

−3.25±0.82

0.210

0.906

  RV global longitudinal T2P strain (ms)

196.00 (185.00, 217.50)

202.33±25.47

0.983

0.410

 Diastolic deformation

  LV GLS rate E (s-1)

3.22±0.47

3.16±0.44

0.383

0.623

  LV GLS rate A (s-1)

3.85±0.57

3.63±0.52

0.010

0.100

  LV GCS rate E (s-1)

3.53±0.51

3.37 (2.93, 3.72)

0.209

0.993

  LV GCS rate A (s-1)

3.46±0.67

3.17±0.59

0.004

0.165

  RV GLS rate E (s-1)

3.19±1.19

2.78 (2.08, 3.45)

0.203

0.235

  RV GLS rate A (s-1)

3.60 (2.93, 4.30)

3.78±1.32

0.899

0.936

 Dyssynchrony

  Longitudinal strain SDt18S (ms)

26.41±6.59

27.28±6.45

0.380

0.321

  Circumferential strain SDt18S (ms)

22.75 (17.62, 27.74)

24.13±6.97

0.595

0.493

  1. ART Pregnancy conceived by assisted reproductive technologies, GCS Global circumferential strain, GLS Global longitudinal strain, LV Left ventricle, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVSI Left ventricular sphericity index, PI Pulsatility index, RV Right ventricle, RVEF Right ventricular ejection fraction, RVSI Right ventricular sphericity index, SC Spontaneous conception, SDt18S Standard deviation of the time to peak systolic strain of 18 segments, T2P Time to peak
  2. *P values calculated by linear regression adjusted for gestational age at scan, estimated fetal weight, parity, sex of offspring, gestational diabetes, and mean uterine artery PI. For LV/RV deformation parameters, P values were additionally adjusted for frame rate and LV or RV area. For placental data, P values were adjusted for gestational age at scan, estimated fetal weight, parity, sex of offspring, and gestational diabetes