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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by CKD stage

From: Diabetic kidney disease and risk of incident stroke among adults with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Whole sample

KDIGO CKD stages

P value*

No CKD

CKD G1

CKD G2

CKD G3

N

9170

5703

1218

1290

959

…

Age, years

62.8 (6.6)

62.1 (6.2)

60.0 (5.3)

65.2 (7.0)

67.4 (6.6)

< 0.001

Women, %

38.2

39.8

36.4

27.4

45.4

< 0.001

Race/ethnicity, %

     

< 0.001

 White

62.9

63.6

57.0

61.7

67.9

 

 Black

18.6

18.3

22.3

20.8

14.4

 

 Hispanic

7.0

6.8

7.9

7.1

6.9

 

 Other

11.3

11.3

12.9

10.4

10.8

 

Intensive glycemic management arm, %

50.3

50.2

49.8

50.1

51.7

0.817

Body mass index, kg/m2

32.3 (5.4)

32.2 (5.3)

32.9 (5.6)

32.2 (5.5)

32.3 (5.5)

< 0.001

Current smoking, %

13.8

13.1

20.9

14.2

8.2

< 0.001

Alcohol drinking, %

24.4

25.2

25.6

24.9

17.2

< 0.001

Systolic BP, mm Hg

136.3 (17.0)

133.6 (15.8)

130.9 (17.1)

142.0 (18.4)

138.6 (18.0)

< 0.001

Diastolic BP, mm Hg

74.9 (10.6)

74.9 (10.3)

77.4 (10.5)

74.9 (11.2)

71.9 (11.2)

< 0.001

Use of BP-lowering drug, %

83.4

80.3

84.2

90.1

92.0

< 0.001

Use of ACEI/ARB, %

69.1

65.9

71.5

75.4

76.0

< 0.001

Use of diuretics, %

36.1

32.3

31.0

43.4

55.5

< 0.001

Use of antiplatelets/ anticoagulants, %

57.5

56.4

54.8

60.7

62.5

< 0.001

Atrial fibrillation, %

1.2

0.7

1.1

2.6

2.7

< 0.001

History of CVD

31.3

27.9

33.7

37.1

40.2

< 0.001

Hemoglobin A1C, %

8.3 (1.1)

8.2 (1.0)

8.6 (1.1)

8.4 (1.1)

8.3 (1.2)

< 0.001

Duration of diabetes, years

9.0 (5.0–15.0)

8.0 (4.5–14.0)

10.0 (5.0–15.0)

11.0 (7.0–18.0)

11.0 (6.0–19.0)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

183.5 (41.7)

182.5 (40.2)

188.5 (47.3)

181.9 (41.5)

185.6 (42.8)

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

41.8 (11.6)

42.3 (11.5)

40.8 (11.5)

41.3 (11.9)

41.0 (11.4)

< 0.001

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

105.0 (34.0)

105.1 (33.2)

105.0 (35.7)

104.2 (34.9)

105.8 (34.7)

0.721

Total/HDL-cholesterol ratio

4.7 (1.7)

4.6 (1.6)

4.9 (2.0)

4.7 (1.6)

4.8 (1.7)

< 0.001

UACR, mg/g

14.0 (7.0–45.0)

9.0 (6.0–14.0)

78.0 (45.0–192.0)

97.0 (51.0–239.0)

23.0 (9.0–106.0)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

86.7 (71.8–96.7)

90.4 (77.9–97.6)

97.7 (93.9–104.2)

75.4 (67.8–82.5)

52.7 (47.3–56.7)

< 0.001

  1. *P values are for comparisons between CKD stages using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables with a normal distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables with a skewed distribution, and the χ2 test for categorical variables. Data are mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), or proportion (%) unless otherwise indicated. CKD was classified according to the KDIGO clinical practice guidelines as follows: 1) No CKD defined as eGFR ≥ 60 and UACR < 30; CKD G1, as eGFR ≥ 90 and UACR ≥ 30; CKD G2, as eGFR between 60 and 89 and UACR ≥ 30; CKD G3, as eGFR between 30 and 59 regardless of UACR. ACEI indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blockers, BP blood pressure, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate in mL/min/1.73 m2, HDL high-density lipoprotein, KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, LDL low-density lipoprotein, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in mg/g
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