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Table 3 Associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease by ethnic group

From: Ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: examining differential exposure and susceptibility to risk factors

 

White

South Asian

Black

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Deprivation indexa

1.17 (1.16–1.19)

< 0.0001

1.10 (1.04–1.16)

0.003

1.16 (1.08–1.26)

0.0002

Physical activity levelb

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.09

0.87 (0.80–0.95)

0.04

0.92 (0.83–1.03)

1.00

TV viewingb

1.15 (1.14–1.16)

< 0.0001

1.11 (1.04–1.17)

0.02

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

0.97

Dietary intakeb

 Fruit and vegetable

0.93 (0.92–0.94)

< 0.0001

0.95 (0.91–1.00)

0.57

0.99 (0.92–1.05)

1.00

 Red meat

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

< 0.0001

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

1.00

1.00 (0.94–1.06)

1.00

 Processed meat

1.11 (1.09–1.14)

< 0.0001

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

1.00

1.23 (1.00–1.50)

0.72

 Low oily fish

1.25 (1.21–1.29)

< 0.0001

1.11 (0.98–1.27)

1.00

1.16 (0.79–1.69)

1.00

Smoking statusb

 Never

1 (Reference)

 

1 (Reference)

 

1 (Reference)

 

 Former

1.20 (1.18–1.23)

< 0.0001

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

1.00

1.50 (1.22–1.86)

0.003

 Current

1.94 (1.89–2.00)

< 0.0001

1.16 (0.95–1.41)

1.00

1.63 (1.27–2.10)

0.003

Alcohol drinkingb

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.0007

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

1.00

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

1.00

Adiposityc

 BMI

1.22 (1.21–1.23)

< 0.0001

1.38 (1.29–1.47)

< 0.0001

1.25 (1.15–1.35)

< 0.0001

 Waist-hip ratio

1.31 (1.29–1.33)

< 0.0001

1.43 (1.31–1.57)

< 0.0001

1.39 (1.23–1.58)

< 0.0001

Physical factorsd

 Grip strength

0.84 (0.82–0.85)

< 0.0001

0.85 (0.77–0.94)

0.005

1.00 (0.88–1.13)

1.00

 Systolic blood pressure

1.14 (1.13–1.16)

< 0.0001

1.18 (1.10–1.26)

< 0.0001

1.15 (1.04–1.26)

0.03

Serum-based biomarkersd

 LDL-c

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.06

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

0.98

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

1.00

 Triglycerides

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

<0.0001

1.10 (1.04–1.17)

0.003

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

0.88

 HbA1c

1.12 (1.11–1.13)

< 0.0001

1.18 (1.14–1.23)

< 0.0001

1.12 (1.05–1.19)

0.007

 Cystatin C

1.19 (1.18–1.21)

< 0.0001

1.18 (1.11–1.26)

< 0.0001

1.35 (1.25–1.47)

< 0.0001

 GGT

1.09 (1.08–1.10)

< 0.0001

1.13 (1.06–1.20)

0.001

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

1.00

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, BMI body mass index, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase
  2. aModel 1: adjusted for age and sex only
  3. bModel 2: additionally adjusted for deprivation
  4. cModel 3: additionally adjusted for lifestyle factors
  5. dModel 4: additionally adjusted for adiposity markers
  6. All P-values were adjusted for multiple testing using Holm’s procedure