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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by incident gout (N=416,481)

From: Healthy lifestyle counteracts the risk effect of genetic factors on incident gout: a large population-based longitudinal study

Characteristic

Incident gout

P valuea

Yes

(n=6206)

No

(n=410,275)

Demographic factors

 Age, mean (SD), year

60.86 (6.74)

56.56 (8.05)

<0.001

 Male, n (%)

5243 (84.5)

185,991 (45.3)

<0.001

 Education level, n (%)

  

<0.001

  College or University

1453 (23.4)

138,266 (33.7)

 

  Upper secondary

516 (8.3)

48,187 (11.7)

 

  Lower secondary

1550 (25.0)

111,725 (27.2)

 

  Vocational

647 (10.4)

26,546 (6.5)

 

  Other

2040 (32.9)

85,551 (20.9)

 

 Socioeconomic status, n (%)

 

<0.001

  High

1175 (18.9)

88,390 (21.5)

 

  Middle

3680 (59.3)

250,837 (61.1)

 

  Low

1351 (21.8)

71,048 (17.3)

 

 Current employment, n (%)

  

0.201

  Worked

3603 (58.1)

234,324 (57.1)

 

  Retired

1987 (32.0)

136,580 (33.3)

 

  Unemployed

104 (1.7)

6716 (1.6)

 

  Other

512 (8.3)

32,655 (8.0)

 

Lifestyle factors

 Alcohol consumption, n (%)

  Excessive

3144 (50.7)

161,796 (39.4)

<0.001

  Never/moderate

3062 (49.3)

248,479 (60.6)

 

 Smoking status, n (%)

  

<0.001

  Smoker

3768 (60.7)

186,502 (45.5)

 

  Non-smoker

2438 (39.3)

223,773 (54.5)

 

 Physical activity, n (%)

  Inactive

2986 (48)

173,056 (42.2)

<0.001

  Active

3220 (52.0)

237,219 (57.8)

 

 Diet, n (%)b

  

<0.001

  Unhealth

3312 (53.3)

160,991 (39.2)

 

  Health

2894 (46.7)

249,284 (60.8)

 

 Lifestyle indexc

  

<0.001

  Favorable

1726 (27.8)

184,978 (45.1)

 

  Intermediate

2145 (34.6)

134,948 (32.9)

 

  Unfavorable

2335 (37.6)

90,349 (22.0)

 

 Body mass index, n (%)

  

<0.001

  ≥25 kg/m2

2952 (47.6)

94,688 (23.1)

 

  <25 kg/m2

3254 (52.4)

315,587 (76.9)

 

Cardiometabolic diseases

 Cardiovascular diseased

  

<0.001

  No

4269 (68.8)

369,200 (90)

 

  Yes

1937 (31.2)

41,075 (10.0)

 

 Diabetes

  

<0.001

  No

5383 (86.7)

390,369 (95.1)

 

  Yes

823 (13.3)

19,906 (4.9)

 

 Hypertension

  

<0.001

  No

2296 (37)

253,941 (61.9)

 

  Yes

3910 (63.0)

156,334 (38.1)

 

Biomarkers

 Urate (umol/L)

416.73 (100.25)

306.65 (78.10)

<0.001

 C-reactive protein (mg/L)

3.76 (5.44)

2.52 (4.14)

<0.001

 Serum creatinine (umol/L)

87.85 (37.92)

71.99 (16.27)

<0.001

 Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.34 (1.19)

5.72 (1.11)

<0.001

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

2.36 (1.33)

1.73 (0.98)

<0.001

Genetic riske

  

<0.001

 Low

1423 (22.9)

143,437 (35.0)

 

 Middle

2165 (34.9)

138,885 (33.9)

 

 High

2616 (42.2)

127,953 (31.2)

 
  1. aP value was calculated by comparing the baseline characteristics between the gout-free participants and participants who developed gout
  2. bDiet pattern included seven dietary components: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, refined grains, fish, unprocessed meat, and processed meat
  3. cLifestyle index was created by four healthy lifestyle factors: never/moderate alcohol consumption, no smoking, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet. Participants were categorized into three groups according to the number of healthy lifestyle factors: (1) unfavorable (0 or 1), (2) intermediate (any 2), and (3) favorable (3 or 4)
  4. dCardiovascular disease included coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke
  5. eWeighted polygenetic risk score of gout was generated by 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetic risk categories defined according to the polygenic risk score as low (lowest tertile), middle (tertile 2), and high (highest tertile)