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Table 3 Frequency of clinical and basic laboratory features in study patients with a single diagnosis of ubiquitous priority infection

From: Etiological spectrum of persistent fever in the tropics and predictors of ubiquitous infections: a prospective four-country study with pooled analysis

Features

Malaria (n = 131)

Tuberculosis (n = 120)

Enteric fever (n = 26)

Leptospirosis (n = 64)

Rickettsiosis (n = 38)

New HIV (n = 12)

Other diagnoses (n = 1531)

Symptoms

 Headache

92 (70 ; 62–78)

66 (55 ; 46–64)

18 (69; 50–84)

44 (69; 57–79)

27 (71; 55–83)

5 (42; 19–68)

1002/1527 (66; 63–68)

 Myalgia

29 (22; 16–30)

13 (11; 6–18)

3 (12; 4–29)

17 (27; 17–38)

9 (24; 13–39)

4 (33; 14–61)

509/1528 (33; 31–36)

 Cough

32 (24; 18–32)

110 (92; 85–95)

9 (35; 19–54)

31 (48; 37–60)

15 (39; 26–55)

6 (50; 25–75)

750/1530 (49; 47–52)

 Dyspnea

17 (13; 8–20)

68 (57; 43–65)

3 (12; 4–29)

17 (27; 17–38)

4/37 (11; 4–25)

3 (25; 22–27)

374/1521 (25; 22–27)

 Vomiting

40 (31; 23–39)

14 (12; 7–19)

8 (31; 16–50)

12 (19; 11–30)

9 (24; 13–39)

1 (8; 1–35)

276/1530 (18; 16–20)

 Diarrhea

5 (4; 2–9)

19 (16; 10–23)

11 (42; 26–61)

6 (9; 4–19)

3 (8; 3–21)

3 (25; 9–53)

231/1791 (13; 11–15)

 Abdominal pain

86 (66; 57–73)

35 (29; 22–38)

15 (58; 39–74)

20 (31; 21–43)

10 (26; 15–42)

4 (33; 14–61)

681/1529 (45; 42–47)

 Weight loss

60 (46; 38–55)

104/114 (91; 85–95)

14 (54; 35–71)

34/61 (56; 43–67)

14/27 (52; 34–69)

9 (75; 47–91)

857/1469 (58; 56–61)

Signs

 Skin lesion or rash

14 (11; 6–17)

11 (9; 5–16)

0 (0; 0–13)

7 (11; 5–21)

0 (0; 0–9)

0 (0; 0–24)

132/1530 (9; 7–10)

 Lymphadenopathies

6 (5; 2–10)

3 (3; 1–7)

0 (0; 0–13)

1 (1.5; 0–8)

0 (0; 0–9)

2 (17; 5–45)

71 (5; 4–6)

 Abdominal tenderness

36 (28; 21–36)

29 (24; 17–33)

10 (38; 22–57)

17 (27; 17–38)

5 (13; 6–27)

4 (33; 14–61)

479 (31; 24–34)

 Hepatomegaly

12 (9; 5–15)

5 (4; 2–9)

2 (8; 2–24)

2 (3; 1–11)

6 (16; 7–30)

0 (0; 0–24)

144 (9; 8–11)

 Splenomegaly

22 (17; 11–24)

4 (3; 1–8)

3 (12; 4–29)

4 (6; 2–15)

5 (13; 6–27)

0 (0; 0–24)

152 (10; 9–12)

 Jaundice

9 (7; 4–13)

2 (2; 0–6)

1 (4; 1–19)

4 (6; 2–15)

2 (5; 1–17)

0 (0; 0–24)

73 (5; 4–6)

 Cachexia

26 (20; 14–27)

45 (38; 29–46)

3 (12; 4–29)

6 (9; 4–19)

4 (11; 4–24)

5 (42; 19–68)

212/1530 (14; 12–16)

Laboratory results

 Hemoglobin level < 10 g/dL)

56 (43; 35–51)

43 (36; 28–45)

5 (19; 9–38)

11 (17; 10–28)

7/37 (19; 9–34)

8 (67; 39–86)

342/1522 (23; 21–25)

 WBC count > 10,000/μL

15/106 (14; 9–22)

54/117 (46; 37 – 55)

1/23 (4; 1–21)

21/63 (33; 23–46)

10/36 (28; 16–44)

2 (17; 5–45)

377/1482 (25; 23–28)

 Elevated alanine aminotransferase

15/130 (12; 7–18)

38 (32; 24–40)

18/25 (72; 52–89)

22 (34; 24–47)

23/34 (68; 51–81)

1 (8; 1–35)

313/1494 (21; 19–23)

 Raised creatinine level

2/88 (2; 1–8)

15/113 (13; 8–21)

3/18 (17; 6–39)

4/53 (8; 3–18)

5/35 (14; 6–29)

1/8 (12; 2–47)

94/902 (10; 9–13)

 Protein (urine strip)

40/128 (31; 24–40)

24/110 (22; 15–30)

12 (46; 29–65)

7/61 (11; 6–22)

5 (13; 6–27)

4 (33; 14–61)

330/1494 (22; 20–24)

  1. All results are n or n/n (%; 95% confidence interval)