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Table 3 Association between individual pesticide exposurea (versus no exposure) and lymphoma-specific and overall survival among non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients, stratified by histologic subtype

From: Environmental pesticide exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survival: a population-based study

Histologic subtype

N

Percentage of population exposeda

Lymphoma-specific survival

Overall survival

HR (95% CI)b

HR (95% CI)b

Totalc

 DLBCL

13,980

44.4

0.97 (0.91, 1.03)

0.98 (0.92, 1.03)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

45.8

0.99 (0.82, 1.18)

1.01 (0.88, 1.16)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

46.8

1.23 (0.84, 1.79)

1.31 (0.92, 1.86)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

45.5

0.91 (0.74, 1.11)

0.90 (0.76, 1.07)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

42.9

0.76 (0.54, 1.05)

0.94 (0.77, 1.16)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

45.4

1.14 (0.69, 1.88)

1.02 (0.78, 1.32)

 Other B cell lymphoma

960

40.5

0.75 (0.44, 1.30)

0.89 (0.63, 1.26)

 T/NK cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

42.2

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.96 (0.85, 1.10)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

43.3

0.84 (0.46, 1.54)

0.88 (0.59, 1.30)

 Unspecified

3770

43.8

1.03 (0.91, 1.18)

1.03 (0.93, 1.14)

Glyphosate

 DLBCL

13,980

34.4

0.98 (0.92, 1.05)

1.00 (0.94, 1.06)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

35.4

1.01 (0.84, 1.22)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

38.8

1.09 (0.74, 1.61)

1.18 (0.82, 1.69)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

34.1

0.94 (0.77, 1.16)

0.95 (0.80, 1.14)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

32.4

0.98 (0.69, 1.39)

1.00 (0.80, 1.25)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

34.4

1.25 (0.75, 2.09)

0.97 (0.73, 1.27)

 Other B cell lymphoma

960

30

0.96 (0.53, 1.73)

1.05 (0.72, 1.52)

 T/NK cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

32

1.02 (0.87, 1.18)

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

33.4

1.18 (0.62, 2.25)

1.19 (0.79, 1.79)

 Unspecified

3770

33.9

0.97 (0.85, 1.12)

1.03 (0.93, 1.15)

Organophosphorus

 DLBCL

13,980

26.7

0.92 (0.86, 1.00)

0.95 (0.90, 1.02)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

25.9

0.89 (0.72, 1.09)

0.94 (0.81, 1.10)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

29.7

1.21 (0.82, 1.79)

1.28 (0.89, 1.83)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

25.9

0.93 (0.74, 1.17)

0.92 (0.76, 1.11)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

24.4

0.73 (0.50, 1.09)

0.96 (0.76, 1.22)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

27.7

0.95 (0.55, 1.61)

0.98 (0.74, 1.30)

 Other B-cell lymphoma

960

23.5

0.91 (0.50, 1.66)

0.93 (0.63, 1.37)

 T/NK-cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

24.8

0.99 (0.84, 1.16)

0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

25.7

0.87 (0.42, 1.80)

1.06 (0.68, 1.66)

 Unspecified

3770

25.6

1.07 (0.93, 1.24)

1.04 (0.92, 1.16)

Carbamate

 DLBCL

13,980

10.8

0.90 (0.81, 1.00)

0.94 (0.86, 1.03)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

10.9

0.92 (0.69, 1.22)

0.96 (0.77, 1.19)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

8.7

1.08 (0.59, 1.97)

1.29 (0.75, 2.20)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

10.4

0.90 (0.66, 1.25)

0.88 (0.66, 1.16)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

10.5

1.12 (0.70, 1.79)

0.98 (0.72, 1.34)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

10.6

0.87 (0.42, 1.81)

0.94 (0.64, 1.40)

 Other B-cell lymphoma

960

10.1

0.56 (0.20, 1.59)

0.99 (0.56, 1.75)

 T/NK-cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

10.3

0.83 (0.66, 1.05)

0.87 (0.71, 1.06)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

7.7

3.86 (1.66, 9.01)

1.49 (0.76, 2.95)

 Unspecified

3770

10.7

1.02 (0.83, 1.25)

0.98 (0.83, 1.15)

Phenoxyherbicide

 DLBCL

13,980

14

1.04 (0.95, 1.15)

1.07 (0.99, 1.16)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

14.5

1.00 (0.78, 1.28)

1.03 (0.85, 1.24)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

14.6

0.97 (0.58, 1.62)

1.09 (0.68, 1.75)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

14.3

0.68 (0.50, 0.92)

0.74 (0.57, 0.95)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

12.1

0.89 (0.53, 1.48)

0.79 (0.57, 1.11)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

15

1.08 (0.58, 2.02)

0.99 (0.70, 1.41)

 Other B-cell lymphoma

960

11.4

1.15 (0.54, 2.43)

1.16 (0.70, 1.94)

 T/NK-cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

13.8

0.95 (0.77, 1.18)

0.94 (0.78, 1.13)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

14

1.48 (0.64, 3.44)

1.39 (0.79, 2.45)

 Unspecified

3770

14.7

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

0.98 (0.84, 1.14)

2,4-Dimethylamine salt

 DLBCL

13,980

12.9

1.03 (0.93, 1.13)

1.06 (0.97, 1.15)

 Follicular lymphoma

6384

13.4

1.04 (0.80, 1.35)

1.01 (0.83, 1.24)

 Burkitt lymphoma

515

13.6

0.99 (0.59, 1.68)

1.14 (0.70, 1.84)

 Mantle cell lymphoma

1528

12.9

0.71 (0.52, 0.98)

0.77 (0.59, 1.01)

 Marginal zone lymphoma

3582

11.3

0.89 (0.53, 1.50)

0.83 (0.59, 1.17)

 Small lymphocytic lymphoma

1400

14

1.15 (0.61, 2.16)

1.03 (0.72, 1.47)

 Other B-cell lymphoma

960

10.3

1.15 (0.53, 2.50)

1.17 (0.69, 1.98)

 T/NK-cell lymphoid neoplasms

3246

12.9

0.94 (0.75, 1.17)

0.93 (0.77, 1.13)

 Lymphoblastic lymphoma

443

12.6

1.66 (0.70, 3.90)

1.19 (0.64, 2.19)

 Unspecified

3770

13.1

0.86 (0.70, 1.06)

0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

  1. a Cumulative pesticide exposure was measured as pounds of pesticide applied per acre/month within 2000 m from residence at diagnosis, between 10 years prior up to 1 year after NHL diagnosis
  2. bModels were adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, health insurance status, neighborhood socioeconomic status, rural or urban medical service study area and were stratified by stage at diagnosis and modality of initial therapy which included chemotherapy or radiation
  3. cTotal refers to glyphosate, organophosphorus, carbamate, phenoxyherbicide, and 2,4-dimethylamine salt combined
  4. NHL non-Hodgkin lymphoma, DLBCL diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
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