Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the participants by four types of social contact isolation in Guangzhou Biobank Cohort study
| Â | Face-to-face contact with co-inhabitants | Face-to-face contact with non-co-inhabitants | Non-face-to-face contact (by telephone/mail) | Club/organization contact | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 3 people | < 3 people | Live alone | ≥ 1 time/month | < 1time/month | No such contact | ≥ 1 time/month | < 1 time/month | No such contact | ≥ 1 time/month | < 1 time/month | |
Number of participants | 27,701 | 1926 | 647 | 26,438 | 3582 | 160 | 23,557 | 4913 | 1707 | 13,873 | 16,253 |
Sex, men % | 7332 (26.9) | 644 (33.4) | 198 (30.6) ** | 7115 (26.9) | 1164 (32.5) | 58 (36.3) ** | 6199 (26.3) | 1606 (32.7) | 530 (31.1) ** | 3449 (24.9) | 4879 (30.0) ** |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 61.9 (7.0) | 62.9 (7.7) | 64.2 (8.3) ** | 61.9 (7.1) | 62.9 (7.0) | 64.3 (7.9) ** | 61.8 (7.1) | 62.7 (7.1) | 63.8 (7.7) ** | 62.9 (7.1) | 61.3 (7.1) ** |
Self-rated health, good/very good, % | 22,183 (82.9) | 1397 (75.7) | 418 (69.7) ** | 21,498 (83.0) | 2676 (76.8) | 108 (69.7) ** | 19,270 (83.5) | 3737 (77.8) | 1269 (76.7) ** | 11,401 (83.7) | 12,836 (80.9) ** |
Socioeconomic position | |||||||||||
 Education, % | |||||||||||
  ≤ Primary | 11,456 (42.1) | 923 (48.0) | 389 (60.1) ** | 11,158 (42.2) | 1707 (47.7) | 89 (56.0) ** | 9478 (40.3) | 2387 (48.6) | 1087 (63.7) ** | 5766 (41.6) | 7173 (44.2) ** |
  Middle school | 13,262 (48.7) | 884 (45.9) | 224 (34.6) | 12,902 (48.8) | 1555 (43.4) | 61 (38.4) | 11,833 (50.3) | 2142 (43.6) | 543 (31.8) | 6748 (48.7) | 7738 (48.1) |
  ≥ College | 2506 (9.2) | 119 (6.2) | 34 (5.3) | 2370 (9.0) | 318 (8.8) | 9 (5.7) | 2239 (9.5) | 381 (7.8) | 76 (4.5) | 1354 (9.8) | 1336 (8.2) |
 Occupation, % | |||||||||||
  Manual | 16,423 (60.6) | 1256 (65.7) | 463 (72.5) ** | 15,947 (60.65) | 2295 (64.3) | 110 (69.2) ** | 13,952 (59.6) | 3118 (63.7) | 1284 (75.7) ** | 8233 (59.7) | 10,095 (62.4) ** |
  Non-manual | 6532 (24.1) | 415 (21.7) | 93 (14.6) | 6329 (24.1) | 794 (22.2) | 33 (20.8) | 5883 (25.1) | 1049 (21.4) | 222 (13.1) | 3848 (27.9) | 3288 (20.3) |
  Others | 4146 (15.3) | 240 (12.6) | 83 (12.9) | 4017 (15.3) | 481 (13.5) | 16 (10.1) | 3593 (15.3) | 728 (14.9) | 191 (11.3) | 1720 (12.5) | 2786 (17.2) |
 Family income, CNY/year, % | |||||||||||
  ≤ 30,000 | 10,191 (37.5) | 826 (43.1) | 271 (42.0) ** | 9978 (37.8) | 1409 (39.4) | 78 (48.8) ** | 8793 (37.4) | 1912 (39.0) | 761 (44.7) ** | 5351 (38.6) | 6099 (37,6) ** |
  > 30,000 | 10,534 (38.7) | 659 (34.2) | 186 (28.8) | 10,207 (38.7) | 1250 (34.9) | 38 (23.8) | 9300 (39.5) | 1715 (34.9) | 478 (28.1) | 5055 (36.5) | 6415 (39.5) |
  Do not know | 6478 (23.9) | 436 (22.8) | 190 (29.2) | 62,20 (23.6) | 919 (25.7) | 44 (27.5) | 5436 (23.1) | 1281 (26.1) | 464 (27.3) | 3451 (24.9) | 3718 (22.9) |
Biological factors | |||||||||||
 BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.8 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.2) | 23.8 (3.3) | 23.8 (3.4) | 23.2 (3.3) | 23.8 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.4) * | 23.8 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.3) |
 SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 130.2 (22.0) | 131.3 (22.8) | 133.3 (23.0) * | 130.3 (22.0) | 131.1 (23.0) | 130.1 (22.7) | 130.0 (21.9) | 131.2 (22.7) | 133.7 (23.4) * | 131.7 (22.2) | 129.3 (22.0) |
 DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.6 (11.2) | 73.8 (11.4) | 73.6 (11.3) | 73.6 (11.2) | 73.8 (11.6) | 72.9 (11.0) | 73.6 (11.2) | 73.8 (11.4) | 74.0 (11.5) | 73.9 (11.2) | 73.4 (11.3) |
 FG, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.9 (1.7) * | 5.7 (1.7) | 5.8 (1.7) | 6.0 (2.4) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.8 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.6) | 5.7 (1.7) |
Behavioral factors | |||||||||||
 Smoking status, % | |||||||||||
  Never | 21,171 (81.5) | 1464 (76.2) | 486 (75.4) ** | 21,497 (81.4) | 2757 (77.2) | 109 (68.1) ** | 19,280 (81.9) | 3766 (76.8) | 1317 (77.3) ** | 11,544 (83.3) | 12,776 (78.7) ** |
  Former | 2396 (8.8) | 230 (11.8) | 78 (12.1) | 2350 (8.9) | 393 (11.0) | 21 (13.1) | 2076 (8.8) | 526 (10.7) | 160 (9.4) | 1243 (9.0) | 1517 (9.3) |
  Current | 2643 (9.7) | 229 (11.9) | 81 (12.6) | 2569 (9.7) | 423 (11.8) | 30 (18.8) | 2180 (9.3) | 615 (12.5) | 226 (13.3) | 1070 (7.7) | 1945 (12.0) |
 Alcohol use, % | |||||||||||
  Never | 19,926 (73.5) | 1205 (62.9) | 315 (50.2) ** | 19,152 (72.8) | 2472 (69.4) | 84 (52.5) ** | 17,093 (72.9) | 3397 (69.6) | 1216 (71.5) ** | 10,114 (73.3) | 11,560 (71.5) ** |
  Former | 902 (3.3) | 89 (4.7) | 47 (7.5) | 935 (3.55) | 113 (3.17) | 13 (8.1) | 769 (3.3) | 224 (4.6) | 69 (4.1) | 404 (2.9) | 658 (4.1) |
  Current | 6285 (23.2) | 621 (32.4) | 267 (42.3) | 6220 (23.6) | 975 (27.4) | 63 (39.4) | 5581 (23.8) | 1259 (25.8) | 417 (24.5) | 3280 (23.8) | 3957 (24.5) |
 Physical activity, % | |||||||||||
  Inactive | 2246 (8.3) | 142 (7.3) | 25 (3.8) ** | 2091 (7.9) | 335 (9.4) | 5 (3.1) ** | 1862 (7.9) | 450 (9.2) | 117 (6.9) ** | 653 (4.7) | 1778 (10.9) ** |
  Minimally active | 11,382 (41.8) | 657 (34.1) | 132 (20.4) | 10,880 (41.2) | 1385 (38.7) | 63 (39.4) | 9439 (40.1) | 2099 (42.7) | 790 (46.3) | 5006 (36.1) | 7308 (45.0) |
  Active | 13,607 (50.0) | 1127 (58.5) | 490 (75.7) | 13,467 (50.9) | 1862 (52.0) | 92 (57.5) | 12,256 (52.0) | 2364 (48.1) | 800 (46.9) | 8214 (59.2) | 7167 (44.1) |
Psychological factors | |||||||||||
 Stress level (PPS-14), mean (SD) (n = 19,947) | 14.7 (4.3) | 15.8 (4.5) | 16.8 (5.0) ** | 14.7 (4.3) | 14.8 (4.6) | 15.6 (5.4) ** | 14.7 (4.2) | 14.9 (4.6) | 15.4 (5.1) ** | 14.9 (4.2) | 14.6 (4.4) ** |
 Cognitive function (DWRT), mean (SD) | 5.5 (1.8) | 5.4 (2.0) | 5.3 (2.2) ** | 5.5 (1.8) | 5.3 (1.9) | 4.6 (2.3) ** | 5.6 (1.8) | 5.4 (1.8) | 5.0 (2.0) ** | 5.6 (1.8) | 5.4 (1.9) ** |