Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants at the baseline^a

Age, years, mean (SD)

62.7 (4.4)

65.7 (6.7)

BMI, kg/m², mean (SD)

23.1 (3.0)

24.2 (3.3)

 Lean

9 (3.1)

5 (3.7)

 Normal

172 (59.3)

55 (40.4)

 Overweight

92 (31.7)

60 (44.1)

 Obesity

17 (5.9)

16 (11.8)

Adiposity (overweight or obesity), n (%)

102 (35.2)

75 (55.1)

 Stable normal

154 (56)

51 (39.2)

 Normal to adiposity

19 (6.9)

4 (3.1)

 Adiposity to normal

12 (4.4)

9 (6.9)

 Stable adiposity

90 (32.7)

66 (50.8)

Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD)

84.4 (8.6)

87.1 (9.0)

Current smoker, n (%)

0 (0)

31 (22.8)

Current alcohol drinker, n (%)

8 (2.8)

27 (19.9)

 Middle school or lower

70 (24.1)

30 (22.1)

 High school or professional college

152 (52.4)

52 (38.2)

 University

68 (23.4)

54 (39.7)

 Extremely low (≤500 ¥/month)

2 (0.7)

3 (2.2)

 Low (501–1500 ¥/month)

66 (22.8)

24 (17.6)

 Middle (1501–3000 ¥/month)

179 (61.7)

94 (69.1)

 High (>3000 ¥/month)

43 (14.8)

15 (11.0)

Fasting insulin, μU/mL, median (Q1, Q3)

6.6 (4.6, 9.6)

6.7 (4.2, 9.6)

HOMA-IR, median (Q1, Q3)

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)

HbA1c, %, mean (SD)

5.6 (0.4)

5.7 (0.5)

Fasting glucose, mmol/L, median (Q1, Q3)

5.1 (4.8, 5.5)

5.1 (4.7, 5.5)

Physical activity, MET, mean (SD)

41.5 (14.1)

39.2 (12.6)

Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD)

1709.7 (454.2)

1868.9 (454.2)

Vegetable intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3)

366.9 (264.2, 492.4)

328.3 (246.9, 478.4)

Fruit intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3)

144.0 (85.1, 218.4)

103.6 (57.4, 167.5)

Fish intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3)

42.9 (23.9, 68.0)

39.0 (23.8, 64.6)

Red and processed meat intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3)

76.6 (50.9, 107.7)

76.9 (53.0, 108.9)

Dairy intake, g/day, median (Q1, Q3)

16.61 (7.20, 27.51)

9.87 (2.25, 21.08)

Years of follow-up

3.2 (0.3)

3.1 (0.3)