| Overall sample (n=237) | Intervention group (Group 1) (n=67) | Controls (Group 2 and 3) (n=170) | P value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean (SD)/median [IQR] | n (%) | Mean (SD)/median [IQR] | n (%) | Mean (SD)/median [IQR] | ||
Person with dementia | |||||||
 Age |  | 82 (7) |  | 83 (7) |  | 81 (7) | 0.013* |
 Gender, female | 149 (63) |  | 46 (69) |  | 103 (61) |  | 0.268 |
 Residency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.657 |
  Living alone | 102 (43) |  | 32 (48) |  | 70 (41) |  |  |
  Co-residing with the reporting caregiver | 111 (47) |  | 29 (43) |  | 82 (48) |  |  |
  Co-residing with someone else than the reporting caregiver | 20 (8) |  | 5 (7) |  | 15 (9) |  |  |
 Dementia etiology |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.207 |
  Alzheimer’s disease | 86 (36) |  | 22 (33) |  | 64 (38) |  |  |
  Vascular dementia | 7 (3) |  | 0 (0) |  | 7 (4) |  |  |
  Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere | 11 (5) |  | 2 (3) |  | 9 (5) |  |  |
  Unspecified dementia | 131 (55) |  | 42 (63) |  | 89 (52) |  |  |
 MMSE |  | 21 [18, 23] |  | 21 [19, 24] |  | 21 [17, 23] | 0.295 |
 FAST |  | 4 [4, 4] |  | 4 [4, 4.5] |  | 4 [4, 4] | 0.064 |
 GMHR |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.026* |
  Poor health | 5 (2) |  | 0 (0) |  | 5 (3) |  |  |
  Fair health | 74 (31) |  | 30 (45) |  | 44 (26) |  |  |
  Good health | 110 (48) |  | 26 (39) |  | 84 (49) |  |  |
  Excellent health | 40 (17) |  | 9 (13) |  | 31 (18) |  |  |
 PSMS |  | 10 [8, 12] |  | 10 [8, 13] |  | 10 [8, 11] | 0.146 |
 IADL |  | 20 [15, 25] |  | 20 [15, 25] |  | 20 [15, 24] | 0.566 |
 Drugs in general |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Total number | 221 (93) | 5 [3, 7] | 63 (94) | 5 [4, 7] | 158 (93) | 5 [3, 7] | 0.633# |
  Regularly | 219 (92) | 5 [3, 7] | 62 (93) | 5 [3, 7] | 157 (92) | 5 [3, 7] | 0.810# |
 Psychotropic drugs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Total number | 159 (67) | 1 [0, 1] | 49 (73) | 1 [1, 1] | 110 (65) | 1 [0, 1] | 0.379# |
  Regularly | 150 (63) | 1 [0, 1] | 44 (66) | 1 [0, 1] | 106 (62) | 1 [0, 1] | 0.870# |
   Antipsychotic drugs | 11 (5) |  | 4 (6) |  | 7 (4) |  |  |
   Anxiolytic drugs | 5 (2) |  | 2 (3) |  | 3 (2) |  |  |
   Hypnotic/sedative drugs | 31 (13) |  | 8 (12) |  | 23 (14) |  |  |
   Antidepressant drugs | 31 (13) |  | 8 (12) |  | 23 (14) |  |  |
   Antidementia drugs | 112 (47) |  | 32 (48) |  | 80 (47) |  |  |
  Regularly psychotropic drugs except for antidementia drugs | 69 (29) | 0 [0, 1] | 20 (30) | 0 [0, 1] | 49 (29) | 0 [0, 1] | 0.970# |
   Concomitant use of psychotropic drugs except for antidementia drugs | 12 (5) |  | 2 (3) |  | 10 (6) |  |  |
  On-demand | 17 (7) | 0 [0, 1] | 7 (10) | 0 [0, 1] | 10 (6) | 0 [0, 1] | 0.221# |
   Antipsychotic drugs | 1 (0) |  | 0 (0) |  | 1 (1) |  |  |
   Anxiolytic drugs | 8 (3) |  | 2 (3) |  | 6 (4) |  |  |
   Hypnotic/sedative drugs | 9 (4) |  | 6 (9) |  | 3 (2) |  |  |
   Antidepressant drugs | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) |  |  |
   Antidementia drugs | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) |  |  |
 NPI-12 total score |  | 12 [4, 24] |  | 15 [5, 26] |  | 12 [3.5, 20] | 0.166 |
 NPI-12 subsyndromes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Psychosis |  | 0 [0, 2] |  | 0 [0, 2] | 0 [0, 2] |  | 0.745 |
  Hyperactive behavior |  | 2 [0, 5] |  | 2 [0, 8] | 2 [0, 5] |  | 0.579 |
  Mood |  | 6 [1, 12] |  | 7 [1, 14] | 4.5 [0, 11] |  | 0.134 |
 NPI-12 domain scores |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Delusions | 37 (16) | 0 [0, 2] | 8 (12) | 0 [0, 1] | 29 (17) | 0 [0, 2] | 0.631# |
  Hallucinations | 16 (7) | 0 [0, 0] | 4 (6) | 0 [0, 0] | 12 (7) | 0 [0, 0] | 0.346# |
  Agitation | 18 (8) | 0 [0, 1] | 4 (6) | 0 [0, 1] | 14 (8) | 0 [0, 1] | 0.530# |
  Depression | 58 (24) | 0 [0, 2] | 20 (30) | 1 [0, 6] | 38 (22) | 0 [0, 2] | 0.169# |
  Anxiety | 42 (18) | 0 [0, 2] | 16 (24) | 0 [0, 2] | 26 (15) | 0 [0, 1] | 0.451# |
  Euphoria | 4 (2) | 0 [0, 0] | 0 (0) | 0 [0, 0] | 4 (2) | 0 [0, 0] | 0.718# |
  Apathy | 65 (27) | 0 [0, 4] | 23 (34) | 1 [0, 6] | 42 (25) | 0 [0, 4] | 0.133# |
  Disinhibitions | 19 (8) | 0 [0, 1] | 5 (7) | 0 [0, 1] | 14 (8) | 0 [0, 1] | 0.991# |
  Irritability | 47 (20) | 0 [0, 2] | 16 (24) | 0 [0, 3] | 31 (18) | 0 [0, 2] | 0.574# |
  Aberrant motor behavior | 28 (12) | 0 [0, 0] | 9 (13) | 0 [0, 0] | 19 (11) | 0 [0, 0] | 0.542# |
  Sleep disturbances | 48 (20) | 0 [0, 2] | 12 (18) | 0 [0, 1] | 36 (21) | 0 [0, 2] | 0.745# |
  Appetite changes | 65 (24) | 0 [0, 3] | 21 (31) | 0 [0, 5] | 44 (26) | 0 [0, 3] | 0.989# |
 ≥ 1 NPI-12 domain of clinical relevance | 159 (67) |  | 49 (67) |  | 110 (65) |  | 0.252 |
 CSDD total score | 73 (31) | 5 [1, 9] | 22 (35) | 6 [2, 9] | 51 (30) | 4.5 [1, 9] | 0.573# |
Informal caregiver | |||||||
 Age |  | 66 (12) |  | 67 (13) |  | 66 (12) | 0.749 |
 Gender, Female | 152 (64) |  | 44 (66) |  | 108 (64) |  | 0.816 |
 Kinship to the person with dementia |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.765 |
  Spouse | 103 (43) |  | 27 (40) |  | 76 (45) |  |  |
  Child | 116 (49) |  | 36 (54) |  | 80 (47) |  |  |
  Other | 13 (5) |  | 3 (4) |  | 10 (6) |  |  |