Intake of whole grain foods and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women

Table 2 Pooled HRs (95% confidence intervals) of coronary heart disease for total whole grains consumption in Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2014), Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2017), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016)

	Total whole grain consumptions					P trend	Per one daily serving
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	P trend	Per one daily serving
NHS
Median, g/day	3.2	7.8	12.5	18.9	34.4
Cases/person years	1010/397,202	790/396,834	722/398,587	669/399,124	710/398,560
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.78 (0.71, 0.86)	0.69 (0.63, 0.76)	0.61 (0.55, 0.67)	0.58 (0.52, 0.64)	<.0001	0.81 (0.77, 0.85)
Multivariable-adjusted model^a	1.00	0.88 (0.80, 0.96)	0.84 (0.76, 0.92)	0.79 (0.71, 0.87)	0.79 (0.71, 0.88)	0.002	0.93 (0.89, 0.97)
NHSII
Median, g/day	6.7	13.7	20.1	27.7	41.1
Cases/person years	263/465,042	196/465,604	142/466,968	107/467,520	109/466,930
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.79 (0.65, 0.95)	0.58 (0.47, 0.71)	0.43 (0.34, 0.54)	0.42 (0.34, 0.53)	<.0001	0.66 (0.60, 0.73)
Multivariable-adjusted model^a	1.00	0.93 (0.77, 1.12)	0.77 (0.63, 0.95)	0.62 (0.49, 0.79)	0.63 (0.50, 0.80)	<.0001	0.80 (0.73, 0.87)
HPFS
Median, g/day	4.6	12.0	19.7	29.3	46.8
Cases/person years	1182/193,927	978/194,734	888/195,423	845/195,433	850/195,576
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.84 (0.77, 0.91)	0.75 (0.69, 0.82)	0.69 (0.63, 0.76)	0.66 (0.60, 0.72)	<.0001	0.89 (0.87, 0.92)
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.89 (0.81, 0.97)	0.83 (0.76, 0.90)	0.80 (0.73, 0.88)	0.77 (0.71, 0.85)	<.0001	0.94 (0.91, 0.96)
Pool results^b
Cases/person years	2455/1,056,171	1964/1,057,172	1752/1,060,978	1621/1,062,077	1669/1,061,066
Age-adjusted model	1.00	0.81 (0.76, 0.86)	0.71 (0.67, 0.75)	0.63 (0.60, 0.68)	0.60 (0.57, 0.64)	<.0001	0.86 (0.84, 0.87)
Multivariable-adjusted model	1.00	0.89 (0.84, 0.94)	0.83 (0.78, 0.88)	0.78 (0.73, 0.83)	0.77 (0.72, 0.82)	<.0001	0.93 (0.90, 0.95)

^aAdjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), updated body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m²), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day), baseline diabetes (yes, no), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), modified alternative healthy eating index (quintiles, whole grain component was excluded), total energy (quintiles), and family history of MI (yes, no). For women, postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, or current hormone use, or missing) and oral contraceptive use (yes, no) were further adjusted
^bStudy estimates from three cohorts were pooled using a fixed effects model

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