Intake of whole grain foods and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women

Table 3 Pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of coronary heart disease for individual whole grain food consumption in Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2014), Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2017), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016)

	Consumptions				P trend	Per one daily serving
	< 1 serving/month	1 serving/month to 1 serving/week	1 serving/week to 4–6 servings/week	≥1 servings/day
Whole grain cold breakfast cereal
Cases/person-time	3819/1,659,126	1805/1,069,850	2485/1,875,639	1352/692,849
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.75 (0.71, 0.79)	0.83 (0.78, 0.89)	<.0001	0.81 (0.77, 0.87)
Dark bread
Cases/person-time	1192/585,183	2067/1,070,944	2826/1,946,391	3376/1,694,945
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	1.04 (0.97, 1.12)	0.86 (0.80, 0.92)	0.92 (0.86, 0.99)	0.41	0.99 (0.96, 1.01)
Popcorn
Cases/person-time	3522/1,274,468	4218/2,662,637	1381/1,151,269	340/209,090
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.98 (0.94, 1.03)	0.92 (0.86, 0.98)	1.08 (0.96, 1.22)	0.73	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)
	< 1 serving/month	1 serving/month to 1 serving/week	≥2 servings/week
Oatmeal
Cases/person-time	5243/2,601,706	3063/1,930,893	1155/764,866
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.95 (0.90, 0.99)	0.79 (0.74, 0.84)		0.007	0.84 (0.75, 0.95)
Brown rice
Cases/person-time	6002/3,021,014	3039/1,913,498	420/362,950
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.92 (0.88, 0.97)	0.79 (0.71, 0.87)		0.02	0.76 (0.61, 0.95)
Added bran
Cases/person-time	7456/4,184,117	1086/644,738	919/468,610
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.92 (0.87, 0.99)	0.84 (0.78, 0.90)		0.007	0.91 (0.85, 0.98)
Wheat germ
Cases/person-time	8645/4,813,315	540/344,426	276/139,724
Multivariable adjusted model^a	1.00	0.95 (0.87, 1.04)	0.87 (0.77, 0.99)		0.06	0.86 (0.74, 1.01)

^aAdjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m²), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day), baseline diabetes (yes, no), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), modified alternative healthy eating index (quintiles, whole grain component was excluded), total energy (quintiles), and family history of MI (yes, no). For women, postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, or current hormone use, or missing) and oral contraceptive use were further adjusted
Study estimates from three cohorts were pooled using a fixed effects model

ISSN: 1741-7015