Table 1 Study characteristics and participants demographics

Shinde (2021) [20]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Beta (GS)

NVX-CoV2373

South Africa

GP; age: 18–84

4,387

Madhi (2021) [22]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Beta (GS)

ChAdOx1

South Africa

GP; age: 18–65

1,467

Heath (2021) [38]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Alpha (GS)

NVX-CoV2373

UK

GP; age: 18–84

14,039

Sadoff (2022) [40]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Beta (GS)

Ad26.COV2.S

South Africa

GP; age: ≥18

4,969

Emary (2021) [23]

Lancet

RCT

Alpha (GS)

ChAdOx1

UK

GP; age: ≥18

8,534

Ella (2021) [37]

Lancet

RCT

Delta (GS)

BBV152

India

GP; age: 18–98

16,973

Thomas (2021) [41]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Beta (GS)

BNT162b2

South Africa

GP; age: ≥16

800

Clemens (2021) [35]

Nat Commun

RCT

Gamma (GS)

ChAdOx1

Brazil

GP; age: ≥18

10,416

Bravo (2022) [34]

Lancet

RCT

Gamma & Delta (GS)

SCB-2019

Five regions

GP; age: ≥18

30,174

Dunkle (2022) [36]

N Engl J Med

RCT

Alpha (GS)

NVX-CoV2373

USA and Mexico

GP; age: ≥18

29,949

Kremsner (2022) [39]

Lancet Infect Dis

RCT

Alpha & Gamma (GS)

CVnCoV

Europe/Latin America

GP; age: ≥18

39,680

Lopez Bernal_1 (2021) [21]

N Engl J Med

TNCC

Alpha & Delta (GS)

BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1

UK

GP; age: ≥16

19,109 ^b

Abu-Raddad (2021) [60]

N Engl J Med

TNCC

Alpha & Beta (GS)

BNT162b2

Qatar

GP; age: 33 (22–40) ^a

35,979 ^b

Sheikh (2021) [80]

Lancet

TNCC

Alpha & Delta (GS)

BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1

UK

GP; age: ≥16

19,543 ^b

Chemaitelly_1 (2021) [67]

Nat Med

TNCC

Alpha & Beta (GS)

mRNA-1273

Qatar

GP; age: 32 (25–39) ^a

66,042 ^b

Lopez Bernal_2 (2021) [76]

BMJ

TNCC

Alpha

BNT162b2

UK

Older adults; age: ≥70

3,034 ^b

Chung (2021) [68]

BMJ

TNCC

Alpha & Beta/Gamma (GS)

BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273

Canada

GP; ≥16

324,033 ^b

Ranzani (2021) [79]

BMJ

TNCC

Gamma

CoronaVac

Brazil

Older adults; ≥70

43,774 ^b

Carazo (2021) [64]

Clin Infect Dis

TNCC

Alpha

BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273

Canada

HCWs; age: 18–74

901 ^b

Li (2021) [75]

Emerg Microbes Infect

TNCC

Delta (GS)

CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV

China

GP; age:18–59

74 ^b

Charmet (2021) [65]

Lancet Reg Health Eur

Case-control

Alpha & Beta/Gamma

BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273

France

GP; age: ≥20

33,863 ^b

Nasreen (2022) [77]

Nat Microbiol

TNCC

Alpha & Beta & Gamma & Delta (GS)

BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1

Canada

GP; age: ≥16

51,440 ^b

Hitchings_1 (2021) [73]

Lancet Reg Health Am

TNCC

Gamma

CoronaVac

Brazil

HCWs; age: ≥18

418 ^b

Tang (2021) [82]

Nat Med

TNCC

Alpha & Delta

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

Qatar

GP; age: 27 (12–36) ^a

2,934 ^b

Chemaitelly_2 (2021) [66]

N Engl J Med

TNCC

Alpha & Beta & Delta (GS)

BNT162b2

Qatar

GP; age: 31 (21–39) ^a

113,830 ^b

Grannis (2021) [70]

MMWR

TNCC

Delta

BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 or Ad26.COV2.S

USA

GP; age: ≥18

3,657 ^b

Sritipsukho (2022) [81]

Emerg Microbes Infect

TNCC

Delta

CoronaVac and/or ChAdOx1

Thailand

GP; age: ≥18

1,118 ^b

Klein (2022) [74]

MMWR

TNCC

Delta & Omicron

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

USA

GP; age: ≥18

3,860 ^b

Oliveira (2022) [78]

JAMA Network Open

TNCC

Delta (GS)

BNT162b2

USA

Adolescents; 12–18

186 ^b

Tseng (2022) [84]

Nat Med

TNCC

Delta & Omicron (GS)

mRNA-1273

USA

GP; age: ≥18

23,512 ^b

Ferdinands (2022) [69]

MMWR

TNCC

Delta & Omicron

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

USA

GP; age: ≥18

18, 637 ^b

Britton (2022) [63]

JAMA

TNCC

Delta

BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S.

USA

GP; age: ≥12

329,057 ^b

Grant (2022) [71]

Lancet Reg Health Eur

Case-control

Delta

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

France

GP; age: ≥20

8,644 ^b

Andrews_1 (2022) [62]

N Engl J Med

TNCC

Delta

BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1

UK

GP; age: ≥16

1,125,257 ^b

Andrews_2 (2022) [61]

Nat Med

TNCC

Delta (GS)

BNT162b2

UK

GP; age: ≥18

343,955 ^b

Thiruvengadam (2021) [83]

Lancet Infect Dis

TNCC

Delta (GS)

ChAdOx1

India

GP; age: 35 (28–45) ^a

2,766 ^b

Hitchings_2 (2021) [72]

Nat Commun

TNCC

Gamma

ChAdOx1

Brazil

Older adults; ≥60

30,680 ^b

Hall (2021) [6]

Lancet

PRO cohort

Alpha

BNT162b2

UK

HCWs; age: ≥18

23,324

Haas (2021) [46]

Lancet

RETRO cohort

Alpha

BNT162b2

Israel

GP; age: ≥16

6,538,911

Dagan (2021) [7]

N Engl J Med

RETRO cohort

Alpha

BNT162b2

Israel

GP; age: ≥16

1,193,236

Lumley (2021) [49]

Clin Infect Dis

RETRO cohort

Alpha (GS)

BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1

UK

HCWs; age: 39(30–50) ^a

13,109

Williams (2021) [58]

Clin Infect Dis

RETRO cohort

Gamma (GS)

mRNA-1273

Canada

LTCH

143

Nanduri (2021) [51]

MMWR

RETRO cohort

Delta

mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2

US

Nursing home

5,965,607

Fowlkes (2021) [44]

MMWR

RETRO cohort

Delta

mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2

US

Frontline workers

2,840

Pouwels (2021) [53]

Nat Med

RETRO cohort

Alpha & Delta

BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 or mRNA-1273

UK

GP; age: 18–64

743,526

Flacco (2021) [43]

Vaccines

RETRO cohort

Alpha

BNT162b2

Italian

GP; age: ≥18

204,840

Glatman-Freedman (2021) [45]

Emerg Infect Dis

RETRO cohort

Delta

BNT162b2

Israel

Adolescents; 12–15

601,625

Seppälä (2021) [56]

Euro Surveill

RETRO cohort

Alpha & Delta (GS)

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

Norway

GP; age: ≥18

18,431

Fabiani (2022) [42]

BMJ

RETRO cohort

Alpha & Delta

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273

Italy

GP; age: ≥16

33,250,344

Risk (2022) [55]

Clin Infect Dis

RETRO cohort

Delta

BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S.

USA

GP; age: ≥18

159,055

Kang (2022) [47]

Ann Intern Med

RETRO cohort

Delta (GS)

CoronaVac or HB02

China

GP; age: ≥18

10,805

Poukka (2022) [52]

Vaccine

RETRO cohort

Delta

BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 or ChAdOx1

Finland

16–69 HCWs

427,905

Wu (2022) [59]

China CDC Wkly

RETRO cohort

Delta (GS)

BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac

China

Close contacts; age: ≥18

1,462

Katz (2022) [48]

Vaccine

PRO cohort

Alpha (GS)

BNT162b2

Israel

HCWs; age: 45 (36–55) ^a

1,250

Lutrick (2021) [50]

MMWR

PRO cohort

Delta

BNT162b2

USA

Adolescents; 12–17

243

Reis (2021) [54]

N Engl J Med

RETRO cohort

Delta

BNT162b2

Israel

Adolescents; 12–18

188,708

Tartof (2021) [57]

Lancet

RETRO cohort

Delta (GS)

mRNA-1273

USA

GP; age: ≥12

3,436,957