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Fig. 2 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Gut microbiota signatures of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary pattern and cardiometabolic health: a prospective cohort study

Fig. 2

Associations of the long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns with overall gut microbiome configuration. A Long-term plant-based dietary pattern and its constituent food groups were correlated with short-term estimates. The red-to-blue gradient in the outer blocks represents the magnitude and direction of the Spearman correlation between long-term dietary factors and short-term dietary factors. The correlations were displayed with color within blocks when significant (p < 0.05). B Associations of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns with bacterial richness and diversity. Beta coefficients were derived from multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models for Q2–Q5 of PDIs using Q1 as the reference group. Covariates included age, sex, BMI, total energy intake, physical activity, education, smoking and alcohol drinking status, habitual tea and coffee consumption, urbanization index, sampling location (random effect), sequencing depth, and sequencing batch (random effect). All four alpha-diversity indices were standardized to Z-score values before statistical analysis. C Associations of plant-based foods and animal-based foods with bacterial richness and diversity. Beta coefficients were derived from multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models as above for Q5 of each food group using Q1 as the reference group. All four alpha-diversity indices were standardized to Z-score values before statistical analysis. Non-significant associations (p > 0.05) have been scored 0 and hence colored white. D Proportion of variation in taxonomy at ASV level explained by the long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns and as quantified by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity). The p values were calculated by adjusting for the same covariates as above. Faith’s PD, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity; hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; PDI, plant-based diet index; Pielou’s evenness, Pielou’s measure of species evenness; Q, quintile; Shannon, Shannon’s diversity index; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index. *** p < 0.001

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