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Table 1 Characteristics of participants during stool sample collection by quintiles of plant-based diet indexa

From: Gut microbiota signatures of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary pattern and cardiometabolic health: a prospective cohort study

 

Long-term PDI (N = 3096)

Short-term PDI (N = 3066)

Q1 (N = 737)

Q3 (N = 506)

Q5 (N = 596)

Q1 (N = 638)

Q3 (N = 665)

Q5 (N = 520)

Age (year)

52.0 (11.4)

52.1 (13.1)

50.5 (13.1)

50.3 (11.6)

51.0 (12.2)

53.9 (13.1)

Sex, % of women

329 (45%)

267 (53%)

353 (59%)

231 (36%)

357 (54%)

334 (64%)

BMI (kg/m2)

23.9 (3.5)

24.2 (3.5)

24.5 (3.7)

23.9 (3.4)

23.8 (3.5)

24.6 (3.7)

Education level

 Middle school or lower

506 (69%)

328 (65%)

398 (67%)

384 (60%)

423 (64%)

383 (74%)

 High school or professional college

151 (20%)

112 (22%)

122 (20%)

172 (27%)

150 (23%)

89 (17%)

 University

80 (11%)

66 (13%)

76 (13%)

82 (13%)

92 (14%)

48 ( 9%)

Current smoking

256 (35%)

116 (23%)

149 (25%)

245 (38%)

175 (26%)

101 (19%)

Current alcohol drinking

251 (34%)

128 (25%)

161 (27%)

249 (39%)

182 (27%)

111 (21%)

Physical activity (MET•hours/week)

152.3 (155.0)

136.3 (135.0)

156.7 (158.3)

148.7 (145.6)

149.0 (159.2)

141.1 (142.6)

Total energy intake (kcal/day)

2186 (1190)

2183 (3475)

2174 (2441)

2585 (611)

1906 (533)

1404 (454)

Urbanizationb

 Low

243 (33%)

156 (31%)

238 (40%)

170 (27%)

217 (33%)

245 (47%)

 Middle

256 (35%)

183 (36%)

186 (31%)

241 (38%)

216 (32%)

140 (27%)

 High

238 (32%)

167 (33%)

172 (29%)

227 (36%)

232 (35%)

135 (26%)

Prevalent hypertension

86 (12%)

77 (15%)

93 (16%)

74 (12%)

82 (12%)

97 (19%)

Hypertension medicine use

69 (9%)

65 (13%)

76 (13%)

61 (10%)

69 (10%)

77 (15%)

Prevalent type 2 diabetes

78 (11%)

67 (13%)

67 (11%)

73 (11%)

73 (11%)

66 (13%)

Type 2 diabetes medicine use

14 (2%)

18 (4%)

14 (2%)

13 (2%)

16 (2%)

15 (3%)

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.6 (1.6)

5.6 (1.8)

5.4 (1.3)

5.6 (1.8)

5.5 (1.4)

5.4 (1.4)

HbA1c (%)

5.7 (1.0)

5.8 (1.1)

5.7 (0.9)

5.8 (1.1)

5.7 (0.8)

5.8 (1.0)

Fasting insulin (μU/mL)

7.8 (7.8)

7.7 (6.9)

7.5 (6.5)

7.9 (8.8)

7.8 (7.9)

7.8 (6.9)

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.3 (0.3)

1.3 (0.4)

1.3 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.3 (0.9)

3.2 (0.9)

3.0 (0.9)

3.3 (1.0)

3.2 (0.9)

3.1 (0.9)

TC (mmol/L)

5.1 (1.0)

5.0 (1.1)

4.7 (1.0)

5.1 (1.1)

4.9 (1.0)

4.8 (1.0)

TG (mmol/L)

1.6 (1.2)

1.6 (1.2)

1.5 (1.0)

1.7 (1.2)

1.6 (1.0)

1.5 (1.1)

CRP (mg/L)

1.8 (3.5)

2.1 (3.7)

1.6 (3.0)

1.9 (3.6)

1.7 (2.7)

2.1 (4.2)

Current tea drinkingc

343 (47%)

239 (47%)

238 (40%)

331 (52%)

308 (46%)

182 (35%)

Current coffee drinkingc

55 (7%)

20 (4%)

65 (11%)

66 (10%)

59 ( 9%)

23 ( 4%)

hPDI

40.4 (5.0)

45.1 (5.0)

50.4 (4.7)

41.3 (4.1)

45.2 (4.2)

48.6 (3.7)

uPDI

47.1 (7.3)

44.7 (7.7)

43.3 (6.9)

46.0 (6.4)

44.6 (5.4)

44.8 (3.9)

Whole grains, servings/day

0.2 (0.7)

0.3 (1.0)

0.4 (0.6)

0.3 (0.9)

0.5 (0.9)

0.6 (1.1)

Fruits, servings/day

0.6 (0.6)

1.1 (1.3)

1.4 (1.2)

0.3 (0.6)

0.4 (0.7)

0.5 (0.7)

Vegetables, servings/day

2.6 (2.0)

3.0 (2.2)

3.5 (4.0)

2.7 (1.3)

2.8 (1.4)

3.3 (1.6)

Nuts, servings/day

0.5 (1.1)

0.9 (1.4)

1.4 (1.9)

3.1 (10.3)

3.7 (11.0)

3.4 (10.4)

Legumes, servings/day

0.9 (1.8)

1.1 (0.9)

1.8 (7.4)

0.6 (0.9)

0.6 (0.9)

0.9 (1.0)

Potatoes, servings/day

0.2 (0.3)

0.4 (0.6)

0.7 (0.6)

0.2 (0.4)

0.3 (0.4)

0.5 (0.6)

Vegetable oils, servings/day

2.2 (2.1)

3.0 (2.9)

3.1 (1.9)

1.4 (2.5)

1.8 (2.2)

2.3 (2.5)

Refined grains, servings/day

7.0 (2.3)

6.8 (4.5)

6.3 (2.3)

6.9 (2.7)

7.2 (2.9)

8.6 (3.0)

Beverages and fruit juices, servings/day

0.4 (1.2)

0.8 (1.9)

1.5 (5.9)

0.1 (0.5)

0.2 (2.1)

0.2 (1.4)

Sweets and desserts, servings/day

0.3 (0.5)

0.5 (0.7)

0.7 (0.9)

0.4 (1.7)

0.6 (1.7)

0.5 (1.2)

Dairy, servings/day

0.4 (0.9)

0.4 (0.7)

0.3 (0.7)

0.1 (0.3)

0.1 (0.2)

0.0 (0.1)

Eggs, servings/day

0.7 (0.5)

0.7 (0.6)

0.6 (0.6)

0.7 (0.6)

0.5 (0.5)

0.4 (0.5)

Fish or seafood, servings/day

0.8 (3.3)

0.5 (0.8)

0.4 (0.6)

0.8 (1.2)

0.5 (0.8)

0.2 (0.5)

Meat, servings/day

2.5 (1.6)

1.9 (1.2)

1.3 (0.9)

2.7 (1.6)

2.3 (1.6)

1.3 (1.5)

Animal oils, servings/day

0.8 (1.4)

0.4 (0.7)

0.2 (0.4)

1.0 (2.2)

0.5 (1.2)

0.3 (0.7)

  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hPDI Healthy plant-based diet index, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PDI Plant-based diet index, Q Quintile, TC Total cholesterol, TG Total triglycerides, SD Standard deviation, uPDI unhealthy plant-based diet index
  2. aData are presented as mean (SD) for continuous measures, and n (%) for categorical measures. Plant-based dietary index, dietary intakes and total energy presented were calculated based on the FFQs, and 3-day 24-h dietary recalls for long-term diet and short-term diet, respectively. Dietary intake for each food group was adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method
  3. bUrbanization index, a 12-component scale based on community-level physical, social, cultural, and economic environments, was categorized as low (≤ 63), middle (63–84.3), and high (> 84.3) levels of urbanization
  4. cCurrent tea and coffee drinking status were estimated based on the FFQ information
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BMC Medicine

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