| Long-term PDI (N = 3096) | Short-term PDI (N = 3066) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (N = 737) | Q3 (N = 506) | Q5 (N = 596) | Q1 (N = 638) | Q3 (N = 665) | Q5 (N = 520) | |
Age (year) | 52.0 (11.4) | 52.1 (13.1) | 50.5 (13.1) | 50.3 (11.6) | 51.0 (12.2) | 53.9 (13.1) |
Sex, % of women | 329 (45%) | 267 (53%) | 353 (59%) | 231 (36%) | 357 (54%) | 334 (64%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (3.5) | 24.2 (3.5) | 24.5 (3.7) | 23.9 (3.4) | 23.8 (3.5) | 24.6 (3.7) |
Education level | ||||||
 Middle school or lower | 506 (69%) | 328 (65%) | 398 (67%) | 384 (60%) | 423 (64%) | 383 (74%) |
 High school or professional college | 151 (20%) | 112 (22%) | 122 (20%) | 172 (27%) | 150 (23%) | 89 (17%) |
 University | 80 (11%) | 66 (13%) | 76 (13%) | 82 (13%) | 92 (14%) | 48 ( 9%) |
Current smoking | 256 (35%) | 116 (23%) | 149 (25%) | 245 (38%) | 175 (26%) | 101 (19%) |
Current alcohol drinking | 251 (34%) | 128 (25%) | 161 (27%) | 249 (39%) | 182 (27%) | 111 (21%) |
Physical activity (MET•hours/week) | 152.3 (155.0) | 136.3 (135.0) | 156.7 (158.3) | 148.7 (145.6) | 149.0 (159.2) | 141.1 (142.6) |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2186 (1190) | 2183 (3475) | 2174 (2441) | 2585 (611) | 1906 (533) | 1404 (454) |
Urbanizationb | ||||||
 Low | 243 (33%) | 156 (31%) | 238 (40%) | 170 (27%) | 217 (33%) | 245 (47%) |
 Middle | 256 (35%) | 183 (36%) | 186 (31%) | 241 (38%) | 216 (32%) | 140 (27%) |
 High | 238 (32%) | 167 (33%) | 172 (29%) | 227 (36%) | 232 (35%) | 135 (26%) |
Prevalent hypertension | 86 (12%) | 77 (15%) | 93 (16%) | 74 (12%) | 82 (12%) | 97 (19%) |
Hypertension medicine use | 69 (9%) | 65 (13%) | 76 (13%) | 61 (10%) | 69 (10%) | 77 (15%) |
Prevalent type 2 diabetes | 78 (11%) | 67 (13%) | 67 (11%) | 73 (11%) | 73 (11%) | 66 (13%) |
Type 2 diabetes medicine use | 14 (2%) | 18 (4%) | 14 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 16 (2%) | 15 (3%) |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 (1.6) | 5.6 (1.8) | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.6 (1.8) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.4) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.9) | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.0) |
Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 7.8 (7.8) | 7.7 (6.9) | 7.5 (6.5) | 7.9 (8.8) | 7.8 (7.9) | 7.8 (6.9) |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.9) |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.1 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.1) | 4.7 (1.0) | 5.1 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.0) |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.8 (3.5) | 2.1 (3.7) | 1.6 (3.0) | 1.9 (3.6) | 1.7 (2.7) | 2.1 (4.2) |
Current tea drinkingc | 343 (47%) | 239 (47%) | 238 (40%) | 331 (52%) | 308 (46%) | 182 (35%) |
Current coffee drinkingc | 55 (7%) | 20 (4%) | 65 (11%) | 66 (10%) | 59 ( 9%) | 23 ( 4%) |
hPDI | 40.4 (5.0) | 45.1 (5.0) | 50.4 (4.7) | 41.3 (4.1) | 45.2 (4.2) | 48.6 (3.7) |
uPDI | 47.1 (7.3) | 44.7 (7.7) | 43.3 (6.9) | 46.0 (6.4) | 44.6 (5.4) | 44.8 (3.9) |
Whole grains, servings/day | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.1) |
Fruits, servings/day | 0.6 (0.6) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.2) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.7) |
Vegetables, servings/day | 2.6 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.2) | 3.5 (4.0) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.6) |
Nuts, servings/day | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.9) | 3.1 (10.3) | 3.7 (11.0) | 3.4 (10.4) |
Legumes, servings/day | 0.9 (1.8) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.8 (7.4) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.0) |
Potatoes, servings/day | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.6) |
Vegetable oils, servings/day | 2.2 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.9) | 3.1 (1.9) | 1.4 (2.5) | 1.8 (2.2) | 2.3 (2.5) |
Refined grains, servings/day | 7.0 (2.3) | 6.8 (4.5) | 6.3 (2.3) | 6.9 (2.7) | 7.2 (2.9) | 8.6 (3.0) |
Beverages and fruit juices, servings/day | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.9) | 1.5 (5.9) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.2 (2.1) | 0.2 (1.4) |
Sweets and desserts, servings/day | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.7) | 0.5 (1.2) |
Dairy, servings/day | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) |
Eggs, servings/day | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) |
Fish or seafood, servings/day | 0.8 (3.3) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.5) |
Meat, servings/day | 2.5 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.3 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.5) |
Animal oils, servings/day | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.0 (2.2) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.3 (0.7) |