Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants by OA among U.S. adults, NHANES 1999–2016

Age, n (%)

 < 0.001

 20–59

8981 (79.39)

457 (42.56)

8524 (84.01)

  ≥ 60

3603 (20.60)

899 (57.44)

2704 (15.99)

Sex, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Male

6234 (48.89)

498 (36.51)

5736 (50.44)

 Female

6350 (51.11)

858 (63.49)

5492 (49.56)

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

2270 (8.53)

105 (2.49)

2165 (9.30)

 Other Hispanic

1059 (5.63)

99 (2.80)

960 (5.98)

 Non-Hispanic White

5595 (68.30)

887 (84.21)

4708 (66.30)

 Non-Hispanic Black

2540 (10.91)

193 (6.10)

2347 (11.51)

 Other race/multiracial

1120 (6.63)

72 (4.40)

1048 (6.91)

Education, n (%)

0.857

 Under high school

3263 (16.84)

327 (16.71)

2936 (16.86)

 High school or equivalent

2895 (23.66)

317 (22.95)

2578 (23.75)

 Above high school

6416 (59.50)

711 (60.35)

5705 (59.39)

Marital status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Married/cohabiting

7725 (64.34)

780 (65.16)

6945 (64.23)

 Widowed/divorced/separated

2401 (16.62)

464 (27.88)

1937 (15.20)

 Never married

2368 (19.04)

105 (6.96)

2263 (20.56)

Physical activity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Moderate

8239 (59.89)

1076 (75.85)

7163 (57.89)

 Vigorous

4343 (40.11)

279 (24.15)

4064 (42.11)

Drinking alcohol status, n (%)

0.001

 Never

8174 (76.31)

870 (71.12)

7304 (76.98)

 Ever

3333 (23.69)

416 (28.85)

2917 (23.02)

Family PIR

3.01 ± 0.03

3.12 ± 0.07

3.00 ± 2.93

0.013

BMI (kg/m²)

28.37 ± 0.10

30.66 ± 0.28

28.09 ± 0.10

 < 0.001

Serum cotinine (ng/mL)

57.15 ± 1.86

50.0 ± 4.62

58.06 ± 1.99

0.036

Biological age (years)

44.92 ± 0.31

60.91 ± 0.65

43.24 ± 0.30

 < 0.001

Phenotypic age (years)

40.17 ± 0.33

57.45 ± 0.67

38.34 ± 0.31

 < 0.001

Telomere length

1.07 ± 0.01

0.95 ± 0.03

1.09 ± 0.01

 < 0.001