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Table 1 Characteristics of study population based on a history of blackwater fever

From: Blackwater fever and acute kidney injury in children hospitalized with an acute febrile illness: pathophysiology and prognostic significance

 

N

Cohort (n = 999)

No BWF

(n = 917)

BWF

(n = 82)

P value

Demographics

 Age, years

996

1.67 (1.06)

1.64 (1.06)

1.92 (1.05)

0.022

 Male sex, n (%)

989

550 (55.6)

499 (54.8)

51 (64.6)

0.095

 Weight, kg

995

9.8 (3.1)

9.8 (3.2)

10.7 (2.5)

0.009

 Length, cm

979

74.1 (11.6)

73.9 (11.7)

77.1 (10.8)

0.015

Infection status

 RDT result, n (%)

  Negative

999

280 (28.0)

264 (28.8)

16 (19.5)

0.053

  HRP-2 alone

 

143 (14.3)

123 (13.4)

20 (24.4)

  HRP-2/LDH positive

 

534 (53.5)

492 (53.7)

42 (51.2)

  pLDH alone

 

9 (0.9)

8 (0.9)

1 (1.2)

  Missing

 

33 (3.3)

30 (3.3)

3 (3.7)

 HIV, n (%)

998

21 (2.1)

20 (2.2)

1 (1.2)

1.000

Medication history

 Antimalarial, n (%)

989

458 (46.4)

422 (46.6)

36 (43.9)

0.642

 Antibiotic, n (%)

987

337 (34.2)

308 (34.1)

29 (35.4)

0.813

Clinical signs and symptoms

 Axillary temperature in °C

986

37.9 (1.2)

37.9 (1.2)

37.5 (1.2)

0.003

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

962

105 (16)

105 (16)

108 (14)

0.055

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

960

58 (13)

58 (13)

57 (13)

0.198

 Heart rate, bpm

989

160 (25)

160 (25)

158 (24)

0.535

 Respiratory rate, bpm

959

45 (15)

45 (14)

47 (15)

0.258

 Capillary refill time > 2 s, n (%)

972

133 (13.7)

111 (12.4)

22 (28.6)

 < 0.0001

 Unable to drink or breastfeed, n (%)

993

189 (19.0)

158 (17.3)

31 (37.8)

 < 0.0001

 Vomiting, n (%)

995

306 (30.8)

267 (29.2)

39 (48.2)

 < 0.0001

 Diarrhea, n (%)

996

299 (30.0)

271 (29.7)

28 (34.2)

0.395

 Respiratory distressa, n (%)

999

316 (31.6)

280 (30.5)

36 (43.9)

0.013

 Prostration, n (%)

996

227 (22.8)

192 (21.0)

35 (42.7)

 < 0.0001

 Altered consciousness, n (%)

993

138 (13.9)

115 (12.6)

23 (28.1)

 < 0.0001

 Convulsions, n (%)

998

176 (17.6)

159 (17.4)

17 (20.7)

0.443

 Severe anemia (Hb < 5.0 g/dL), n (%)

  No

999

187 (18.7)

181 (19.7)

6 (7.3)

 < 0.0001

  Yes

 

207 (20.7)

167 (18.2)

40 (48.8)

  Missing

 

605 (60.6)

569 (62.1)

36 (43.9)

 Jaundice, n (%)

998

110 (11.0)

74 (8.1)

36 (43.9)

 < 0.0001

Disease severity

 LODSb, n (%)

  0

997

635 (63.7)

598 (65.3)

37 (45.7)

 < 0.0001

  1

 

187 (18.8)

169 (18.5)

18 (22.2)

  2

 

110 (11.0)

101 (11.0)

9 (11.1)

  3

 

65 (6.5)

48 (5.2)

17 (21.0)

  1. Data presented as mean (SD) or n (%)
  2. aDefined based on the presence of nasal flaring, deep breathing, or intercostal/subcostal retractions
  3. bLambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score