| No AKI (n = 888) | Severe AKI (n = 111) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
 Age, years | 1.64 (1.07) | 1.87 (0.98) | 0.038 |
 Male sex, n (%) | 446 (54.1) | 74 (67.9) | 0.006 |
 Weight, kg | 9.8 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.0) | 0.017 |
 Length, cm | 73.7 (11.5) | 78.1 (11.9) | 0.0002 |
Medication history | |||
 Antimalarial, n (%) | 404 (46.0) | 54 (49.5) | 0.480 |
 Antibiotic, n (%) | 295 (33.6) | 42 (38.5) | 0.310 |
Infection status | |||
 Malaria infection, n (%) | |||
  Negative | 246 (27.7) | 34 (30.6) | 0.284 |
  HRP-2 positive alone | 122 (13.7) | 21 (18.9) | |
  pLDH and HRP-2 positive | 483 (54.4) | 51 (46.0) | |
  pLDH positive alone | 9 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
  Missing | 28 (3.2) | 5 (4.5) | |
 HIV, n (%) | 17 (1.9) | 4 (3.6) | 0.279 |
Clinical signs and symptoms | |||
 Axillary temperature in °C | 37.9 (1.2) | 37.6 (1.2) | 0.029 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 105 (16) | 104 (15) | 0.651 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 58 (13) | 55 (12) | 0.073 |
 Heart rate, bpm | 160 (25) | 156 (25) | 0.088 |
 Respiratory rate, bpm | 45 (14) | 45 (15) | 0.718 |
 Capillary refill time > 2 s, n (%) | 110 (12.7) | 23 (21.5) | 0.013 |
 Unable to drink or breastfeed, n (%) | 155 (17.6) | 34 (30.9) | 0.001 |
 Vomiting, n (%) | 253 (28.6) | 53 (48.2) |  < 0.0001 |
 Diarrhea, n (%) | 267 (30.1) | 32 (29.1) | 0.822 |
 Respiratory distressa, n (%) | 268 (30.2) | 48 (43.2) | 0.005 |
 Prostration, n (%) | 178 (20.1) | 49 (45.0) |  < 0.0001 |
 Coma (BCS < 3) n (%) | 35 (4.0) | 16 (15.1) |  < 0.0001 |
 Altered consciousness, n (%) | 105 (11.9) | 33 (30.0) |  < 0.0001 |
 Convulsions, n (%) | 158 (17.8) | 18 (16.2) | 0.677 |
 Jaundice, n (%) | 79 (8.9) | 31 (27.9) |  < 0.0001 |
 Severe anemia (Hb < 5.0 g/dL), n (%) | |||
  No | 164 (18.5) | 23 (20.7) | 0.002 |
  Yes | 171 (19.2) | 36 (32.4) | |
  Missing | 553 (62.3) | 52 (46.9) | |
 Blackwater fever, n (%) | 58 (6.5) | 24 (21.6) |  < 0.0001 |
Disease severity | |||
 LODSb, n (%) | |||
  0 | 584 (65.8) | 51 (46.4) |  < 0.0001 |
  1 | 168 (18.9) | 19 (17.3) | |
  2 | 93 (10.5) | 17 (15.5) | |
  3 | 42 (4.7) | 23 (20.9) |