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Table 2 Characteristics associated with severe AKI on hospital admission

From: Blackwater fever and acute kidney injury in children hospitalized with an acute febrile illness: pathophysiology and prognostic significance

 

No AKI

(n = 888)

Severe AKI

(n = 111)

P value

Demographics

 Age, years

1.64 (1.07)

1.87 (0.98)

0.038

 Male sex, n (%)

446 (54.1)

74 (67.9)

0.006

 Weight, kg

9.8 (3.1)

10.5 (3.0)

0.017

 Length, cm

73.7 (11.5)

78.1 (11.9)

0.0002

Medication history

 Antimalarial, n (%)

404 (46.0)

54 (49.5)

0.480

 Antibiotic, n (%)

295 (33.6)

42 (38.5)

0.310

Infection status

 Malaria infection, n (%)

  Negative

246 (27.7)

34 (30.6)

0.284

  HRP-2 positive alone

122 (13.7)

21 (18.9)

  pLDH and HRP-2 positive

483 (54.4)

51 (46.0)

  pLDH positive alone

9 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

  Missing

28 (3.2)

5 (4.5)

 HIV, n (%)

17 (1.9)

4 (3.6)

0.279

Clinical signs and symptoms

 Axillary temperature in °C

37.9 (1.2)

37.6 (1.2)

0.029

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

105 (16)

104 (15)

0.651

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

58 (13)

55 (12)

0.073

 Heart rate, bpm

160 (25)

156 (25)

0.088

 Respiratory rate, bpm

45 (14)

45 (15)

0.718

 Capillary refill time > 2 s, n (%)

110 (12.7)

23 (21.5)

0.013

 Unable to drink or breastfeed, n (%)

155 (17.6)

34 (30.9)

0.001

 Vomiting, n (%)

253 (28.6)

53 (48.2)

 < 0.0001

 Diarrhea, n (%)

267 (30.1)

32 (29.1)

0.822

 Respiratory distressa, n (%)

268 (30.2)

48 (43.2)

0.005

 Prostration, n (%)

178 (20.1)

49 (45.0)

 < 0.0001

 Coma (BCS < 3) n (%)

35 (4.0)

16 (15.1)

 < 0.0001

 Altered consciousness, n (%)

105 (11.9)

33 (30.0)

 < 0.0001

 Convulsions, n (%)

158 (17.8)

18 (16.2)

0.677

 Jaundice, n (%)

79 (8.9)

31 (27.9)

 < 0.0001

 Severe anemia (Hb < 5.0 g/dL), n (%)

  No

164 (18.5)

23 (20.7)

0.002

  Yes

171 (19.2)

36 (32.4)

  Missing

553 (62.3)

52 (46.9)

 Blackwater fever, n (%)

58 (6.5)

24 (21.6)

 < 0.0001

Disease severity

 LODSb, n (%)

  0

584 (65.8)

51 (46.4)

 < 0.0001

  1

168 (18.9)

19 (17.3)

  2

93 (10.5)

17 (15.5)

  3

42 (4.7)

23 (20.9)

  1. Data presented as mean (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise stated
  2. aDefined based on the presence of nasal flaring, deep breathing, or intercostal/subcostal retractions
  3. bLambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score