Table 1 Profile of 86,931 patients with type 2 diabetes in the JADE Register between 2007 and 2021

Country/region of recruitment

 India

0

31,985 (36.8)

19,911 (38.5)

12,074 (34.3)

<0.001

<0.001

 Hong Kong

0

23,076 (26.5)

14,632 (28.3)

8444 (24.0)

 Philippines

0 

11,167 (12.8)

6578 (12.7)

4589 (13.0)

 Vietnam

0 

6599 (7.6)

2577 (5.0)

4022 (11.4)

 China

0 

5563 (6.4)

2572 (5.0)

2991 (8.5)

 Taiwan

0 

2735 (3.1)

1820 (3.5)

915 (2.6)

 Indonesia

0

1513 (1.7)

940 (1.8)

573 (1.6)

 Korea

0 

1497 (1.7)

823 (1.6)

674 (1.9)

 Malaysia

0

1205 (1.4)

1028 (2.0)

177 (0.5)

 Thailand

0

1048 (1.2)

436 (0.8)

612 (1.7)

 Singapore

0

543 (0.6)

388 (0.8)

155 (0.4)

Sociodemographic profile

 Age (years)

60

56.6 ± 11.6

55.2 ± 11.0

58.5 ± 12.0

<0.001

<0.001

 Age at  diagnosis of diabetes (years)

6285

49.8 ± 10.5

47.9 ± 9.7

52.5 ± 10.9

<0.001

<0.001

 Diabetes duration (years)

6282

8.18 ± 7.48

8.74 ± 7.66

7.35 ± 7.12

<0.001

0.011

 Sex—male

6

46,487 (53.5)

27,600 (53.4)

18,887 (53.6)

0.480

<0.001

 Education

  Primary school or below

2502

18,772 (22.2)

9066 (18.0)

9706 (28.4)

<0.001

<0.001

  Middle school and above

65,657 (77.8)

41,233 (82.0)

24,424 (71.6)

 Employment status

  Non-worker

769

47,388 (55.0)

26,663 (51.9)

20,725 (59.6)

<0.001

<0.001

  Worker

38,774 (45.0)

24,745 (48.1)

14,029 (40.4)

 Family history

  No family history

0

35,226 (40.5)

-

-

-

-

  Father only

0 

8534 (9.8)

-

-

-

-

  Mother only

0 

11,432 (13.2)

-

-

-

-

  Both parents

0 

3841 (4.4)

-

-

-

-

  Siblings only

0 

9975 (11.5)

-

-

-

-

  Father + siblings

0 

5200 (6.0)

-

-

-

-

  Mother + siblings

0 

7379 (8.5)

-

-

-

-

  Father + mothers + siblings

0 

5344 (6.1)

-

-

-

-

Self-management (based on recall in last 3 months)

 Physical activity (30-min duration)

2855

  <3 times per week

46,445 (55.2)

27,876 (55.4)

18,569 (55.0)

0.264

<0.001

  ≥3 times per week

37,631 (44.8)

22,443 (44.6)

15,188 (45.0)

 Adherence to a balanced diet

3122

  Never or occasional

40,577 (48.4)

25,105 (50.0)

15,472 (46.1)

<0.001

<0.001

  Always

43,232 (51.6)

25,111 (50.0)

18,121 (53.9)

 Use of tobacco

1027

  Never/Ex-smoker

75,500 (87.9)

44,633 (87.0)

30,867 (89.2)

<0.001

<0.001

  Current smoker

10,404 (12.1)

6673 (13.0)

3731 (10.8)

 Use of alcohol

1159

<0.001

  Never/occasional drinker

65,749 (76.7)

38,414 (75.0)

27,335 (79.2)

<0.001

  Ex-/regular drinker

20,023 (23.3)

12,835 (25.0)

7188 (20.8)

 Self-monitoring of blood glucose

8231

55,472 (70.5)

34,715 (73.5)

20,757 (65.9)

<0.001

<0.001

Biochemistry

 HbA1c (%)

10,901

8.00 ± 1.88

8.00 ± 1.82

8.00 ± 1.96

0.839

<0.001

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

10,901

64.0 ± 20.6

64.0 ± 19.9

64.0 ± 21.4

0.839

<0.001

 Fasting plasma  glucose (mmol/L)

9636

8.39 ± 3.18

8.45 ± 3.11

8.30 ± 3.28

<0.001

0.821

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

15,389

4.70 ± 1.16

4.68 ± 1.15

4.74 ± 1.19

<0.001

<0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

13,426

1.21 ± 0.49

1.20 ± 0.41

1.24 ± 0.59

<0.001

<0.001

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

13,699

2.70 ± 1.15

2.68 ± 1.12

2.72 ± 1.20

<0.001

0.660

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

12,472

1.91 ± 2.36

1.88 ± 2.41

1.95 ± 2.30

<0.001

0.151

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

15,643

82.0 ± 23.7

83.1 ± 23.6

80.5 ± 23.7

<0.001

0.307

 Urinary ACR (mg/mmol)

30,797

20.3 ± 82.0

20.0 ± 80.4

20.8 ± 84.1

0.286

0.001

Cardiometabolic risk factors

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

1439

131.0 ± 17.1

131.0 ± 16.9

131.0 ± 17.4

0.758

0.875

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

1599

78.9 ± 9.5

79.0 ± 9.5

78.7 ± 9.6

<0.001

0.003

 Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

4005

26.2 ± 4.55

26.4 ± 4.50

26.0 ± 4.59

<0.001

0.197

 Hyperglycemia^a

7567

63,397 (79.9)

38,414 (81.1)

24,983 (78.1)

<0.001

0.025

 Hypertension^b

1205

55,618 (64.9)

33,469 (65.5)

22,149 (63.9)

<0.001

<0.001

 Dyslipidemia^c

9417

68,161 (87.9)

40,991 (88.8)

27,170 (86.7)

<0.001

<0.001

“ABC” treatment goals^d

 “A” goal achieved

10,901

25,810 (33.9)

14,718 (32.9)

11,092 (35.4)

<0.001

0.009

 “B” goal achieved

1573

24,264 (28.4)

14,633 (28.8)

9631 (27.9)

0.002

<0.001

 “C” goal achieved

13,699

37,477 (51.2)

22,323 (51.4)

15,154 (50.8)

0.101

0.532

 ≥ 2 “ABC” goals achieved

18,005

23,062 (33.5)

13,497 (33.4)

9565 (33.5)

0.672

<0.001

Drug use at baseline

 Oral glucose-lowering drug

0

72,318 (83.2)

43,970 (85.0)

28,348 (80.5)

<0.001

<0.001

 Insulin

0

21,302 (24.5)

13,322 (25.8)

7980 (22.7)

<0.001

<0.001

 Lipid-regulating drug

1197

41,985 (49.0)

26,445 (51.6)

15,540 (45.0)

<0.001

<0.001

 Blood pressure-lowering drug

740

47,003 (54.5)

28,756 (55.9)

18,247 (52.5)

<0.001

<0.001

 Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors

0

29,199 (33.6)

17,926 (34.7)

11,273 (32.0)

<0.001

<0.001