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Table 1 Study sample characteristics by sex: HANDLS, 2004–2018a

From: Plasma neurofilament light and its association with all-cause mortality risk among urban middle-aged men and women

 

Overall (N = 694)

Women (N = 401)

Men (N = 293)

Psex

Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors at v1

 % men

42.0

–

–

–

 % African American

55.8

54.6

57.3

0.48

 Age at v1, years

47.75 ± 0.34

47.94 ± 0.47

47.5 ± 0.5

0.52

 % below poverty

29.1

30.9

26.6

0.22

 Education %

  < High school

5.5

5.3

5.7

0.91

  High school

57.1

56.7

57.8

–

  > High school

37.4

38.0

36.5

0.71

 Current illicit drug use, % yes

16.7

10.8

24.8

< 0.001e

 Current tobacco use, % yes

40.1

40.0

47.2

0.065e

 Healthy Eating Index, HEI-2010 total score

42.3 ± 0.5

42.8 ± 0.6

41.6 ± 0.8

0.26

 Energy intake, kcal/day

1999 ± 46

1709 ± 49

2394 ± 71

< 0.001e

 CES-D total score

14.3 ± 0.4

14.9 ± 0.6

13.5 ± 0.6

0.11

Body mass index at v1, BMIv1, kg.m-2

30.3 ± 0.3

31.8 ± 0.4

28.2 ± 0.4

< 0.001e

Allostatic load total score at v1, ALtotal

1.83 ± 0.04

1.86 ± 0.06

1.77 ± 0.07

0.36

Continuous componentsbof the allostatic load at v1, ALcomp_cont

 Waist-to-hip ratio, WHR

0.944 ± 0.019

0.935 ± 0.032

0.955 ± 0.005

0.60

 Serum albumin, g/dl

4.32 ± 0.01

4.27 ± 0.01

4.39 ± 0.02

< 0.001e

 hsCRP, mg/L, Loge transformed

0.738 ± 0.050

0.982 ± 0.064

0.401 ± 0.08

< 0.001e

 Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1C, %

5.84 ± 0.04

5.84 ± 0.05

5.84 ± 0.06

1.00

 Total cholesterol, mg/dl

186.6 ± 1.6

190.1 ± 2.03

181.8 ± 2.40

0.008e

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

53.3 ± 0.6

55.8 ± 0.8

49.7 ± 1.0

< 0.001e

 Resting heart rate, beat/min

66.8 ± 0.5

67.3 ± 0.6

66.2 ± 0.7

0.26

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

119.1 ± 0.6

118.9 ± 0.9

119.4 ± 0.9

0.71

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

72.8 ± 0.4

71.9 ± 0.5

74.2 ± 0.6

0.003e

Binary componentsbof the allostatic load at v1, ALcomp_bin

 Waist-to-hip ratio, WHR

76.8

77.4

76.0

0.69

 Serum albumin, g/dl

2.2

3.0

1.0

0.093

 hsCRP, mg/L

41.7

50.5

29.6

< 0.001e

 Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1C, %

13.0

12.7

13.3

0.82

 Total cholesterol, mg/dl

9.4

9.7

8.9

0.70

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

19.0

13.0

27.0

< 0.001e

 Resting heart rate, beat/min

3.1

3.0

3.2

0.87

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

11.2

12.0

10.1

0.43

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

6.5

4.8

8.7

0.045e

Co-morbidityc

 Diabetes status, %

  No

68.5

71.5

64.5

–

  Pre-diabetes

20.1

16.6

25.0

0.011e

  Diabetes

11.3

11.9

10.5

0.069

 Hypertension, %

40.9

43.6

37.3

0.10

 Dyslipidemia, %

24.9

25.3

24.4

0.81

 Cardiovascular disease, %

12.8

15.9

8.7

0.007e

Plasma NfL, Logetransformed

 NfLv1

1.981 ± 0.019

1.948 ± 0.024

2.026 ± 0.031

0.045e

 NfLv2

2.179 ± 0.022

2.131 ± 0.027

2.245 ± 0.035

0.009e

 NfLv3

2.348 ± 0.022

2.298 ± 0.028

2.417 ± 0.036

0.008e

 δNfLd

0.0479 ± 0.0004

0.0472 ± 0.0005

0.0487 ± 0.0007

0.083e

All-cause deaths, %

6.20

5.00

7.8

0.13

  1. Abbreviations: ALcomp allostatic load continuous components, ALtotal allostatic load total score, BMI body mass index, Bayes empirical Bayes estimator, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression, δ annualized rate of change, HANDLS Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HEI Healthy Eating Index, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Hg mercury, NfL plasma neurofilament light, v1 visit 1, v2 visit 2, v3 visit 3, WHR waist-to-hip ratio
  2. aValues are means ± SE for continuous variables or % for categorical variables. SD for continuous variables can be computed as SE × sqrt(N)
  3. bContinuous components of the AL were multiple imputed using chained equations. Binary outcomes were computed after imputation. See cutoffs for each component in supplemental methods
  4. cCo-morbidity components were multiple imputed using chained equations. See definitions of components of co-morbidity in the “Methods” section
  5. dAnnual rate of change in NfL between v1 and v3 using the empirical Bayes estimator predicted from a mixed-effects linear regression model with NfL as the outcome and TIME as the only predictor, validated against the observed annualized change between v1 and v3 (Pearson’s r > 0.80)
  6. ep < 0.05 upon further adjustment for age, race, and poverty status in multiple linear and multinomial logit models
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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