Table 1 Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the study participants

Ethnicity

Ethnicity

 Chinese

400

-

 Chinese

375

-

 Malay

198

-

 Malay

160

-

 Indian

154

-

 Indian

115

-

Maternal education level

Maternal education level

 Secondary and below

217

-

 Secondary and below

194

-

 Post-secondary

259

-

 Post-secondary

223

-

 University

270

-

 University

228

-

Maternal age (years)

752

30.68 (±5.11)

Maternal age (years)

585

35.68 (±5.15)

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI, kg/m²)

699

22.84 (±4.33)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

596

22.65 (±4.34)

Antenatal BMI (kg/m²)

739

26.31 (±4.36)

BMI (kg/m²)

594

24.55 (±5.23)

Gestational weight gain (kg)

700

8.62 (±4.31)

Variable

n

Mean (±STD)

Variable

n

Mean (±STD)

Ethnicity

Ethnicity

 Chinese

368

-

 Chinese

195

-

 Malay

225

-

 Malay

89

-

 Indian

158

-

 Indian

54

-

Sex

Sex

 Male

401

-

 Male

185

-

 Female

350

-

 Female

153

-

Maternal education level

Maternal education level

 Secondary and below

251

-

 Secondary and below

100

-

 Post-secondary

284

-

 Post-secondary

120

-

 University

205

-

 University

116

-

Gestational age (weeks)

751

38.74 (±1.37)

Gestational age (weeks)

338

38.79 (±1.63)

Birth weight (kg)

751

3.10 (±0.44)

Birth weight (kg)

338

3.10 (±0.46)

Maternal age (years)

751

30.20 (±5.20)

Child age (years)

330

6.06 (±0.09)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

679

22.97 (±4.61)

Child BMI (kg/m²)

330

15.62 (±2.33)

Total gestational weight gain (kg)

658

13.50 (±5.76)

Birth order

 1

330

-

 >1

421

-