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Table 2 Current screening recommendations for chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries

From: The need for screening, early diagnosis, and prediction of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries—a review of the current literature

When?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

5 years after diagnosis and annually thereafter [37]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

At time of diagnosis and annually thereafter [37]

How?

Spot uACR

Elevated uACR (> 3 mg/mmol) must be confirmed within 3–6 months

Serum creatinine/cystatin C (eGFR using CKD-EPI equation [38])

Reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) must be confirmed within 3 months

  1. Abbreviations: uACR urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation